[*][*] _Leaves cordate or ovate, 3-nerved, dentate and often lobed, long-petiolate; axils unarmed; fruit 2-beaked._

X. STRUMaRIUM, L. Low (1--2 high); fruit 6--8" long, glabrous or p.u.b.erulent, with usually straight beaks and rather slender spines.--A weed of barnyards, etc., sparingly nat. from Eu. (?) or Ind. (?).

1. X. Canadense, Mill. Stouter, the stem often brown-punctate; fruit about 1' long, densely p.r.i.c.kly and more or less hispid, the stout beaks usually hooked or incurved.--River-banks and waste places, common.--Var.

ECHINaTUM, Gray, usually low, with still denser and longer, conspicuously hirsute or hispid p.r.i.c.kles. Sandy sea-sh.o.r.es and on the Great Lakes.

45. TETRAGONOTHeCA, Dill.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 6--9, fertile. Involucre double; the outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, united below by their margins into a 4-angled or winged cup; the inner of small chaffy scales, as many as the ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenes.

Receptacle convex or conical, with narrow and membranaceous chaff.

Achenes very thick and obovoid, flat at the top; pappus none.--Erect perennial herbs, with opposite coa.r.s.ely toothed leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale yellow flowers, on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of tet???????, _four-angled_, and ????, _a case_, from the shape of the involucre.)

1. T. helianthodes, L. Villous and somewhat viscid, 1--2 high, simple; leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, sessile by a narrow base; involucral scales and rays about 1' long.--Sandy soil, Va. and southward. June.

46. ECLiPTA, L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays short; disk-flowers perfect, 4-toothed, all fertile. Involucral scales 10--12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate. Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff.

Achenes short, 3--4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the sides, hairy at the summit; pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown.--An annual rough herb, with slender stems and opposite leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers white; anthers brown.

(Name from ???e?p?, _to be deficient_, alluding to the absence of pappus.)

1. E. alba, Ha.s.sk. Rough with fine appressed hairs; stems proc.u.mbent, or ascending and 1--3 high; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, mostly sessile, slightly serrate; rays equalling the disk. (E.

proc.u.mbens, _Michx._)--Wet river-banks, N. J. to Ill. and southward.

Peduncles very variable. (All tropical countries.)

47. HELIoPSIS, Pers. OX-EYE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays 10 or more, fertile. Involucral scales in 2 or 3 rows, nearly equal; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical; chaff linear. Achenes smooth, thick, 4-angular, truncate; pappus none, or a mere border.--Perennial herbs, like Helianthus. Heads showy, peduncled, terminal. Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of ?????, _the sun_, and ????, _appearance_, from the likeness to the Sunflower.)

1. H. lae'vis, Pers. Nearly smooth (1--4 high); leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, rather narrowly pointed, occasionally ternate; scales (as in the next) with a rigid strongly nerved base; rays linear; pappus none or of 2--4 obscure teeth.--Banks and copses, N. Y. to Ill. and southward. Aug.

2. H. scabra, Dunal. Roughish, especially the leaves, which are disposed to be less narrowly pointed, the upper sometimes entire; rays broadly oblong to linear or oblanceolate; pappus coroniform and chaffy or of 2 or 3 conspicuous teeth. (H. laevis, var. scabra, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Western N. Y. to Minn., Mo., and southward.

48. ECHINaCEA, Moench. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading.

Receptacle conical; the lanceolate carinate spiny-tipped chaff longer than the disk-flowers. Achenes thick and short, 4-sided; pappus a small toothed border.--Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and terminated by a single large head; leaves chiefly alternate, 3--5-nerved. Rays rose-purple, rather persistent; disk purplish. (Name formed from ??????, _the hedgehog_, or _sea-urchin_, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.)

1. E. purpurea, Moench. _Leaves_ rough, often serrate; the lowest _ovate, 5-nerved_, veiny, long-petioled; the others _ovate-lanceolate_; involucre imbricated in 3--5 rows; stem smooth, or in one form rough-bristly, as well as the leaves.--Prairies and banks, from W. Penn.

and Va. to Iowa, and southward; occasionally adv. eastward. July.--Rays 15--20, dull purple (rarely whitish), 1--2' long or more. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular medicine under the name of _Black Sampson_.--Very variable, and probably connects with

2. E. angustiflia, DC. _Leaves_, as well as the slender simple stem, _bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, attenuate at base, 3-nerved, entire_; involucre less imbricated and heads often smaller; rays 12--15 (2' long), rose-color or red.--Plains from Ill. and Wisc., southwestward. June--Aug.

49. RUDBeCKIA, L. CONE-FLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar; the short chaff concave, not rigid. Achenes 4-angular (in our species), smooth, not margined, flat at the top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border.--Chiefly perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and showy terminal heads; the rays generally long, yellow, often darker at base. (Named in honor of the _Professors Rudbeck_, father and son, predecessors of Linnaeus at Upsal.)

[*] _Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow; leaves divided and cut._

1. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, branching (2--7 high); leaves smooth or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5--7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets; upper leaves irregularly 3--5-parted, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the uppermost undivided; heads long-peduncled; disk at first globular or hemispherical; chaff truncate, downy at the tip; rays oblanceolate (1--2' long), drooping.--Low thickets; common.

July--Sept.--Var. HuMILIS, Gray, low and glabrous, some of the radical leaves undivided or with roundish divisions; heads smaller (' high) and ray shorter. Mountains of Va. and southward.

[*][*] _Disk hemispherical to oblong-ovoid in fruit, dark purple or brown._

[+] _Lower leaves 3-lobed or parted._

2. R. triloba, L. Hairy, biennial, much branched (2--5 high), the branches slender and spreading; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, the lower 3-lobed, tapering at the base, coa.r.s.ely-serrate (those from the root pinnately parted or undivided); rays 8, oval or oblong; chaff of the black-purple depressed-globular disk smooth, awned.--Dry soil, Penn. to Mich., Mo., and southward. Aug.--Heads small, but numerous and showy.

3. R. subtomentsa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3--4 high), downy, as well as the petiolate ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves beneath; heads short-peduncled; disk globular, dull brown; receptacle sweet-scented; chaff downy at the blunt apex.--Prairies, Wisc., Ill., Mo., and southward.

[+][+] _Leaves undivided, rarely laciniately toothed._

4. R. hirta, L. _Biennial_, very rough and bristly-hairy throughout; stems simple or branched near the base, stout (1--2 high), naked above, bearing single large heads; _leaves nearly entire; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile_; the lower spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the involucre; _chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip_, acutish.--Dry soil, western N. Y. to Wisc., and southward. Now common as a weed in eastern meadows, introduced with clover-seed from the West. June--Aug.

5. R. fulgida, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bearing single heads; _leaves spatulate-oblong_ or lanceolate, _partly clasping, triple-nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse_; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the ample involucre; _chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth_ and blunt.--Dry soil, N. J. and Penn. to Ky., Mo., and southward.--Variable, 1--3 high; the rays orange-yellow.

6. R. spathulata, Michx. p.u.b.escence short and appressed; slender, 8'--3 high; leaves obovate or spatulate or the upper ovate to lanceolate, sometimes all lanceolate or oblanceolate to linear, denticulate; heads long-peduncled, smaller than in the preceding, the rays fewer and broader.--Pine woods, Va. to Tenn., and southward.

7. R. specisa, Wenderoth. Roughish-hairy (1--2 high), branched; the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large heads; _leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, petioled, 3--5-nerved, coa.r.s.ely and unequally toothed or incised_; involucre much shorter than the numerous elongated (1--1') rays; chaff of the dark purple disk acutish, smooth.--Dry soil, W. Penn. to Mich., Mo., and southward. July.

50. LePACHYS, Raf.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays few, neutral. Involucral scales few and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or columnar; the chaff truncate, thickened and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined achenes. Pappus none or 2 teeth.--Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately divided leaves; the grooved stems or branches naked above, bearing single showy heads. Rays yellow or party-colored, drooping; disk grayish. (Name from ?ep??, _a scale_, and pa???, _thick_, from the thickened tips of the chaff.)

1. L. pinnata, Torr. & Gray. h.o.a.ry with minute appressed hairs, slender (4 high), branching; leaflets 3--7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, much shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2'

long).--Dry soil, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. July.--The receptacle exhales a pleasant anisate odor when bruised. Achenes slightly margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top.

2. L. columnaris, Torr. & Gray. Branching from the base, 1--2 high; leaflets 5--9, oblong to narrowly linear, entire or 2--3-cleft; disk columnar, often 1' long or more; ray as long or shorter, yellow or (var.

PULCHeRRIMA, Torr. & Gray) in part or wholly brown-purple.--Minn. to Tex.

51. BORRiCHIA, Adans. SEA OX-EYE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and persistent chaff. Achenes somewhat wedge-shaped, 3--4-angled; pappus a short 4-toothed crown.--Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow flowers; anthers blackish. (Named for _Olof Borrich_, a Danish botanist.)

1. B. frutescens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky p.u.b.escence (6'--3 high); leaves obovate to spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the base; chaff rigidly pointed.--Va. and southward.

52. HELIaNTHUS, L. SUNFLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays several or many, neutral. Involucre imbricated, herbaceous or foliaceous. Receptacle flat or convex; the persistent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally compressed smooth achenes, which are neither winged nor margined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy scales on the princ.i.p.al angles, and sometimes 2 or more small intermediate scales.--Coa.r.s.e and stout herbs, with solitary or corymbed heads, and yellow rays; flowering toward autumn. (Named from ?????, _the sun_, and ?????, _a flower_.)

-- 1. _Annuals; leaves mostly alternate, petiolate; receptacle flat; disk brownish._