1. H. annuus, L. (COMMON SUNFLOWER.) Tall, rough; leaves triple-ribbed, ovate or the lower cordate, serrate; involucral scales broadly ovate to oblong, long-pointed, ciliate; disk usually 1' broad or more.--Minn. to Tex., and westward; long cultivated, and occasionally found in waste grounds.

2. H. petiolaris, Nutt. More slender, 1--3 high; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, smaller (1--3' long), mostly entire; scales lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, seldom ciliate; disk ' broad or more.--Minn. to Tex., and westward.

-- 2. _Perennials; receptacle convex or at length low-conical; lower leaves usually opposite._

[*] _Involucral scales loose, becoming squarrose, narrowly lanceolate, pointed (' long); disk usually purple or brownish; leaves linear, 1-nerved._

3. H. orgyalis, DC. Stem glabrous, tall, very leafy; leaves mostly alternate, linear to filiform and entire, or the lowest lanceolate and serrulate; scales filiform-attenuate.--Dry plains, Mo. to Neb., south and westward.

4. H. angustiflius, L. Stem slender (2--6 high), usually scabrous; leaves long and linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins; heads loosely corymbed, long-peduncled; scales acute or pointed.--Low pine barrens, N. J. to Ky., and southward.

[*][*] _Involucral scales closer, more imbricated, short, unequal and not foliaceous; leaves lanceolate to ovate, mostly opposite and 3-nerved._

[+] _Disk dark._

5. H. atrrubens, L. _Rough-hairy; stem slender_ (2--4 high), smooth and naked and forking above; _leaves thinnish, ovate or oval to oblong-lanceolate_, or the lowest heart-shaped (3--6' long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole; heads small, corymbed; scales ovate, obtuse, ciliolate, appressed; rays 10--16; pappus of 2 fringed scales.--Dry soil, Va. to Ark., and southward.

6. H. rigidus, Desf. _Stem stout_ (2--6 high or more), simple or sparingly branched, rough; _leaves very thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-lanceolate_, usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, entire or serrate, the lowest oval; heads nearly solitary, pretty large; scales ovate or oblong, obtuse, or mostly acute, ciliate, appressed; rays 20--25, pappus of 2 large and often several small scales.--Dry prairies, Mich. to Ill., and westward.

[+][+] _Disk yellow._

7. H. laetiflrus, Pers. Closely resembling the last; leaves rather thinner; heads single or corymbed; scales rather fewer (in 2 or 3 rows), narrower and acute or mostly ac.u.minate.--Dry open places, Ohio to Wisc.

and Minn., and southward.--Rays showy, 1--2' long.

8. H. occidentalis, Riddell. Somewhat hairy, stem _slender, simple, naked above_ (1--3 high, sending out runners from the base), bearing 1--5 small heads on long peduncles; _lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate_, entire or obscurely serrate, _roughish-p.u.b.escent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy petioles; the upper small and remote_; scales ovate to lanceolate, acute or pointed, sometimes ciliate.--Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisc. and Minn., and southward.

[*][*][*] _Involucre looser, the scales more ac.u.minate or elongated or foliaceous; disk yellow (anthers dark)._

[+] _Leaves all opposite, sessile, serrulate; p.u.b.escence rather soft._

9. H. mollis, Lam. Stem simple, leafy to the top (2--3 high); leaves ovate to lanceolate, with broad cordate clasping base, pointed; scales lanceolate, seldom exceeding the disk.--Dry barrens, Ohio to Iowa and southward.

[+][+] _Leaves mostly alternate and 3-nerved, soft-p.u.b.escent beneath, scabrous above; scales very long and loose, hairy; tips of chaff and corolla-lobes hirsute._

10. H. tomentsus, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4--8 high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, tapering at both ends, obscurely serrate, large (5--12' long), somewhat petioled; disk 1' broad; rays 12--16, about 1' long.--Rich woods, Ill.(?), Va., and southward along the mountains.

[+][+][+] _Leaves narrow, chiefly alternate, not 3-nerved, scabrous both sides; heads rather small; scales loose, attenuate._

11. H. grosse-serratus, Martens. _Stem smooth and glaucous_, 6--10 high; _leaves elongated-lanceolate_ or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate or denticulate, acute or attenuate at base, _petioled_, often whiter and finely p.u.b.escent beneath; scales lance-awl-shaped, slightly ciliate.--Dry plains, Ohio to Dak., Mo., and southwestward.--Probably runs into the next.

12. H. giganteus, L. _Stem hairy or rough_ (3--10 high), branched above; _leaves lanceolate_, pointed, minutely serrate or nearly entire, green both sides, narrowed and ciliate at base, but _nearly sessile_; scales long, linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy or strongly ciliate.--Var. AMBiGUUS, Torr. & Gray; leaves mostly opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base; perhaps a hybrid with n. 17.--Low thickets and swamps; common. Heads somewhat corymbed; the pale yellow rays 15--20; roots often becoming tuber-like.

13. H. Maximiliani, Schrad. Resembling the last; stout, often simple, 1--10 high; leaves becoming rigid and very scabrous, entire or sparingly denticulate; heads rather large, usually short-peduncled, terminal and in the upper axils; scales longer attenuate, more rigid.--Prairies, Minn. to Tex.

[+][+][+][+] _Leaves all or most of them opposite, 3-nerved (faintly in n. 15)._

[++] _Heads very small (about 4" broad); rays 5--8; scales few, short, irregularly imbricated, the outer with spreading foliaceous pointed tips; stems smooth._

14. H. parviflrus, Bernh. Stem 3--6 high, with numerous slender branches above; _leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed_, somewhat serrate, petioled, _rough above_, pale and p.u.b.erulent beneath; peduncles slender, rough; scales ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate. (H.

microcephalus, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Thickets, Penn. to Ill., and southward.

15. H. laevigatus, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender (1--6 high), simple or sparingly branched, glaucous, _glabrous throughout_, as well as the slightly serrate _lanceolate leaves_ which are usually narrow and attenuate to the base.--Dry soil, Alleghany Mts., and southward.

[++][++] _Heads larger; rays usually over 10; spreading by creeping root stocks._

[=] _Leaves sessile or subsessile to short-petiolate, serrulate or entire._

16. H. doronicodes, Lam. Finely p.u.b.escent and roughish, 3--7 high; leaves _sessile_, ovate-oblong, acute, _triply-nerved above, the broadly cuneate base, serrulate_; scales loose, attenuate, mostly 6--8" long, hairy. (H. cinereus, var. Sullivantii, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Dry ground, Ohio to Mo.

17. H. divaricatus, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the top (1--4 high), _smooth below; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved from the rounded or truncate sessile base_, tapering gradually to a sharp point (3--6' long), serrate, _thickish, rough both sides_; scales narrowly lanceolate, attenuate, ciliate, equalling the disk; rays 8--12.--Thickets and barrens; common.--Disk 6"

wide; rays 1' long.

18. H. hirsutus, Raf. _Stem_ simple or forked above, stout (1--4 high), _bristly-hairy; leaves all shortly petioled, ovate-lanceolate_, gradually pointed, _slightly serrate_, rounded or obtuse at the base, _very rough_ above, usually rough-hairy beneath; scales ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk; rays about 12.--Dry plains, Ohio to Wisc., and southward.

19. H. strumsus, L. Stem (3--6 high) very smooth below, often glaucous; _leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a point_, or the lower ovate and acute, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles, rough above, _whitish and naked or minutely downy underneath_; scales broadly lanceolate with spreading tips, ciliate, equalling the disk; rays 9--15.--Var. MoLLIS, Torr. & Gray, has the leaves downy underneath, often subcordate, the scales looser and more attenuate.--River-banks and low copses; common, especially westward.

20. H. tracheliiflius, Willd. Like the last; leaves thinner and nearly equally green both sides, more sharply serrate, all distinctly petioled; scales all loose and spreading, exceeding the disk, often much elongated.--Copses, Penn. and Ohio to Minn., and southward.

[=][=] _Leaves longer-petiolate, thinnish or soft, coa.r.s.ely serrate, commonly broad; scales loose, hirsute-ciliate._

21. H. decapetalus, L. Stem branching (2--5 high), smooth below; leaves smooth or roughish, ovate, pointed, abruptly contracted into margined petioles; scales lanceolate-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, sometimes foliaceous, the outer longer than the disk; rays about 10.--Copses and low banks of streams; N. Eng. to Minn. and southward, common.

22. H. tubersus, L. (JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE.) p.u.b.escent or hirsute, 5--10 high; leaves ovate or subcordate to oblong-lanceolate, ac.u.minate, scabrous above, minutely p.u.b.escent or cinereous beneath; scales lanceolate, attenuate, little exceeding the disk; rays 12--20. (H.

doronicoides, former ed.)--Penn. to Minn., and southward; often cultivated.--Var. SUBCANeSCENS, Gray; usually dwarf, the lower side of the leaves whitish with soft fine p.u.b.escence. Minn. to Mo.

53. VERBESNA, L. CROWNBEARD.

Heads several--many-flowered; the rays pistillate, or sometimes neutral and sterile, few, or sometimes none. Involucral scales imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle rather convex (conical in n. 3); the chaff concave. Achenes flat (compressed laterally), winged or wingless, 2-awned.--Mostly perennial herbs; the toothed leaves decurrent on the stem. Flowers mostly yellow. ("Name metamorphosed from Verbena.")

[*] _Heads narrow, small, cymosely paniculate; rays few, pistillate, usually fertile; involucre erect._

1. V. occidentalis, Walt. Stem tall, 4-winged; _leaves opposite_, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, often p.u.b.escent beneath (large and thin); heads in compound corymbs; receptacle flattish; _flowers yellow_; rays 1--5, lanceolate; achenes wingless. (V. Siegesbeckia, _Michx._)--Rich soil, S. Penn. to Ill., and southward. July.

2. V. Virginica, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, _downy-p.u.b.escent, like the lower surface of the_ ovate-lanceolate feather-veined _alternate leaves_; heads in compound corymbs; receptacle convex; _flowers white_; rays 3--4, oval; achenes winged.--Dry soil, Penn.(?) to Ill., and southward. Aug.

[*][*] _Heads broader, solitary or few._

3. V. helianthodes, Michx. Perennial; stem hairy (1--3 high), widely winged by the ovate to the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft-hairy beneath; involucre appressed; rays 8--15, pistillate or neutral, usually sterile; achenes winged, tipped with 2 fragile awns. (Actinomeris helianthoides, _Nutt._)--Prairies and copses, Ohio to Iowa and southward. July.

4. V. enceliodes, Benth. & Hook. Annual, branching, 1--2 high, cinereous; leaves alternate, ovate or cordate to deltoid-lanceolate, the petioles mostly winged and auriculate at base; involucral scales linear, equal, foliaceous, spreading; rays numerous, fertile.--Kan. to Tex., and westward.

54. ACTINoMERIS, Nutt.

Heads many-flowered; rays neutral, few or none. Involucral scales few, herbaceous, nearly equal, soon deflexed beneath the globular disk.

Receptacle small, chaffy. Achenes flat, obovate, winged or wingless, at maturity spreading in all directions; pappus of 2 or 3 smooth persistent awns.--Tall branching perennials, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed; flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from ??t??, _a ray_, and e???, _a part_; alluding to the irregularity of the rays.)