259 (9). Dum = _During_.

Dum, whether used as a preposition or conjunction, always relates to duration of time (see note below).

Time = _During_.

Examples.--_Dum la tuta tago_ (or, _La tutan tagon_) _li restis sola_ = During the whole day he remained alone, _or_, He remained alone the whole day. _Dum_ (or, _En la dauro de_) _kelkaj monatoj, si ne eliradis el sia cambro_ = During (for the s.p.a.ce of, for) some months she did not leave (go out of) her room. _Li dormis dum la tuta koncerto_, or, _Li dormis la tutan koncerton_ = He was sleeping during the whole (all through the) concert. _Dum ilia konsiligo_ (or, _Dum ili konsiligis_) _mi restis en la apuda cambro_ = During their consultation (_or_, whilst they were consulting) I remained in the adjoining room.

Note.--Dum, although frequently used as a conjunction by Dr.

Zamenhof, is rarely, if ever, used by him as a preposition. For our preposition "during" he generally uses the accusative of duration, or the prepositional expression en la dauro de, or simply en, or turns the phrase by employing an adverbial present participle.

259 (10). Ekster = _Outside_.

Place = _Outside_. Ekster is the opposite of en = _in_.

Examples.--_Li iris en la domon, sed mi restis ekster gi_ = He went into the house, but I remained outside it. _Li logas ekster la urbo_ = He lives outside the town.

Connection or Disconnection. Ekster is sometimes used as a synonym of krom (par. 259 (17)).

Examples.--_Ekster tiuj ci legoj, ekzistas aliaj_ = Outside (besides, _or_, in addition to) these laws others exist. _Ekster tiuj ci legoj ne ekzistas aliaj_ = Outside (beside, _or_, apart from) these laws others do not exist.

As a root-word or prefix, we have:--_Eksterajo_ = The exterior, outside. _Eksterlande_ = Abroad.

259 (11). El = _Out of_.

El is the opposite of en = _in_, but only when movement in and out is implied.

Care must be taken not to confuse el with da or de, both of which also signify "of," that English preposition with so many meanings. El means essentially "out of," denoting that the noun specified is a _portion of_ something, or is _made of_ some particular material, or _issues from_ something (see par. 259 (7)).

Origin or Dependence = _Of_, _with_, _from_.

Examples.--_Mi estas la plej rica el ciuj_ = I am the richest of all. _Unu el ni estos elektata_ = One of us will be chosen. _Li faris uzon el cio_ = He made use of everything. _Mi faros uzon el la okazo_ = I shall take (make use of) the opportunity. _Kion ni faros el hundo?_ = What shall we do with (make out of) a dog? _El la dirita regulo sekvas, ke_ ... = From the said rule, it follows that ... _Mi ricevis leteron el Parizo_ = I received a letter from Paris.

Disconnection = _Out of_, _from_.

Examples.--_Tri musoj elsaltis el la tirkesto_ = Three mice jumped out of the drawer. _Mi eliris el la domo guste kiam li eniris en la veturilon_ = I went out of the house just as (when) he entered the carriage. _La violono falis el la violonujo_ = The violin fell out of the violin case. _El sub la lito_ = Out of (out from under) the bed.

As a prefix, _el_ signifies "out," and also denotes something done thoroughly well or completely, as:--_Elpensi_ = To think out, to invent. _Elfosi_ = To dig out. _Elirejo_ = An exit, way out.

_Ellabori_ = To work out thoroughly, to achieve, elaborate.

_Eltrinki_ = To drink up. _Ellerni_ = To master, to learn thoroughly (to study).

259 (12). En = _In_, _into_.

May take after it the accusative of movement, and has then the meaning of "into."

Place = _In, into, within, at_.

Examples.--_Li estas en la gardeno_ = He is in the garden. _Li iris en la gardenon_ = He went into the garden. _Mi logas en Parizo_ = I live in Paris. _La birdo flugas en la cambro (gi estas en la cambro, kaj flugas en gi)_ = The bird is flying within the room (it is in the room, and is flying in it). _La birdo flugas en la cambron (gi estis ekster la cambro, kaj nun flugas en gin)_ = The bird is flying into the room (it was outside the room, and now is flying into it). _Helpu min porti tiujn ci kestojn en mian fiakron_ = Help me to carry these trunks to (into) my cab. _Li iris en la domon, sed mi mem restis ester gi_ = He went into the house, but I myself remained outside of it. _La cefa vorto staras en la fino_ = The chief word stands at the end.

Time = _In, on, at, during_.

Examples.--_En printempo floroj aperas_ = In (during) spring flowers appear. _En la tago_ = On the day. _En la unua tempo_ = At the outset (first time), at first. _Mi finos la tasketon en dek tagoj, se mi laboros en ciu tago po ok horoj_ = I shall finish the job (little task) in 10 days if I work 8 hours a day (lit., if I shall work in each day at the rate of 8 hours).

Origin or Dependence = _Of, into_.

Examples.--_Apartamento konsistanta en_ (or, _el)[20] unu mangocambro, unu salono, kaj tri dormocambroj_ = A flat (apartment), consisting of one dining-room, one drawing-room, and three bedrooms. _Aleksandro sangigis en polvon_ = Alexander was turned into dust.

Footnote:

[20] _El_ is preferable. _En_ cannot be correctly used here.

Connection = _In_.

Example.--_Manon en mano_ = Hand in hand.

259 (13). Gis = _Till, as far as_.

Place = _To, down to, up to, as far as_.

Examples.--_Ni akompanis ilin gis ilia domo_ = We accompanied them as far as (to) their house. _Iru gis la rivero_ = Go to (down to, as far as) the river.

Time = _Till, until, to_.

Examples.--_De sabato gis mardo_ = From Sat.u.r.day till (to) Tuesday.

_Ni devas atendi gis Junio_ = We must wait till June. _Cu ne estus pli bone atendi gis ni havos la hundon?_ = Would it not be better to wait till we have the dog? _Gi povas kusi ok gis nau jarojn_ = It can lie eight to nine years.

N.B.--_Jarojn_ is the accusative of duration (par. 68 (_b_)), for _gis_ has here no influence over it, being simply an item in the phrase; but if a preposition be placed before _ok_, then the preposition will influence its complement "_jaroj_," which will be in the nominative; as:--_Gi povas kusi dum_ (or, _je_) _ok gis nau jaroj_ = It can lie during eight (up) to nine years.

259 (14). Inter = _Between, among_.

Inter differs from en, in that en implies that something is actually in, or within, something else, while inter implies that something is between, or among, some other things.

Place = _Between, among_.

Example.--_Inter Rusujo kaj Francujo estas Germanujo_ = Between Russia and France is Germany.

Time = _Between_.

Example.--_Inter la deka kaj dek-unua matene, mi renkontis mian amikon_ = Between 10 and 11 o'clock in the morning I met my friend.

Manner = _Among, amongst_.

Example.--_Ili dividis inter si dek du pomojn_ = They divided amongst themselves twelve apples.

As a prefix, _inter_ has much the same meaning as in English, as:--_Intermeti_ = To interpose. _Intermiksi_ = To intermingle.

_Interkonsenti_ = To agree mutually.

259 (15). Je.