--14. What afterwards made it necessary for congress to exercise more extensively its powers to regulate trade? When did the system of protection properly commence? Where has since been the princ.i.p.al market for agricultural products?

--15. Where, and by whom, are the duties or customs collected?

Chapter x.x.xIII.

--1. What is _navigation_?

--2. What is _tunnage_? _Tunnage duties_? For what purpose were these duties laid? Why were they called _discriminating_ duties?

--3. What has been their effect? What has caused their discontinuance?

--4. How are vessels registered?

--5. What is a _manifest_? A _clearance_?

--6. At whose request are pa.s.sports furnished to vessels? What is a _pa.s.sport_? By whom given?

--7. How is the safety of pa.s.sengers and crew provided for?

--8. Define _quarantine_. What has congress enacted in relation to quarantines?

--9. Why was power given to congress to regulate _internal_ commerce, or commerce among the states?

--10. Why the power to regulate commerce with the Indian tribes?

Chapter x.x.xIV.

--1. What were the disqualifications of aliens by the common law? Why are these disqualifications deemed proper?

--2. When ought they to be removed? Why should the rule of naturalization be uniform?

--3. Describe the manner in which an alien is naturalized.

--4. How do alien minors become citizens?

--5. What is a _bankrupt_? A bankrupt law? What is the object of such laws?

--6. Why is the power to pa.s.s them given to congress? Why should they be uniform?

--7. Why is the power to coin money and regulate its value given to congress? What change in the system of reckoning has been effected?

--8. At what places is money coined? What is _bullion_?

--9. Why is the power to fix the standard of weights and measures vested in congress?

--10. Why has congress the power to provide for punishing the counterfeiting of the securities and coin of the United States?

Chapter x.x.xV.

--1. Why is the power to establish post-offices given to congress?

--2. How are useful arts and sciences promoted?

--3. How does an author of a work proceed in procuring a copy-right? By whom, and where, is the t.i.tle recorded?

--4. What else must the author do? For how many years is the right obtained? For what term, and how, may the right be continued?

--5. Where are patents for inventions obtained? How does the inventor proceed?

--6. How much must he pay before his pet.i.tion is considered? For what term are patents granted? For what term may they be renewed?

Chapter x.x.xVI.

--1. Define _piracy_ and _felony_. Why is the power to define and punish these crimes given to congress?

--2. Why also the power to define and punish offenses against the law of nations?

--3. Why the power to declare war? Who exercises this power in monarchies?

--4. What are letters of marque and reprisal? Why should not an individual redress his private wrongs?

--5. Why should not the states authorize reprisals?

--6. Why has congress the power to make rules concerning captures? How is captured property distributed?

--7. Why is the general power to provide for the national defense intrusted to congress?

--8. Why was given to congress entire control over the district containing the seat of government?

--9. What district is here referred to? Over what other places has congress exclusive authority?

--10. What is the last power granted in the list here enumerated? Why is this general grant of power to make laws deemed necessary?

--11. What opinion is held by some in regard to this power? On what reasons is this opinion founded?