Fig. 186, Cone of var. uncinata. Figs. 187, 188, Cones. Fig. 189, Leaf-fascicles, magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 190, Tree and dwarf-form of the Pyrenees.

[Ill.u.s.tration: PLATE XXI. P. SYLVESTRIS (182-185), MONTANA (186-190)]

31. PINUS LUCHUENSIS

1894 P. luchuensis Mayr in Bot. Centralbl. lviii. 149, f.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Bark-formation late, the upper trunk covered with a smooth cortex. Leaves binate, from 12 to 16 cm. long, the epiderm thick, hypoderm of two or three rows of cells; resin-ducts medial or with an occasional external duct. Conelets mucronate toward the apex.

Cones from 3 to 6 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses l.u.s.trous nut-brown, transversely carinate, the umbo unarmed.

This Pine is known to me through Mayr's description and a single dried specimen. The smooth cortex of young trees distinguishes it from all other east-Asiatic Hard Pines. Mayr includes under this species the Pine of Hong Kong. But in this he must be mistaken, for there is no species yet found in China that agrees with the description of P.

luchuensis.

Plate XXII.

Fig. 191, Cone. Fig. 192, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.

32. PINUS THUNBERGII

1784 P. sylvestris Thunberg, Fl. j.a.p. 274 (not Linnaeus).

1842 P. Ma.s.soniana Siebold & Zuccarini. Fl. j.a.p. ii. 24, t. 113 (not Lambert).

1868 P. Thunbergii Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 388.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Buds of leading-shoots white and conspicuous.

Leaves binate, from 6 to 11 cm. long, the epiderm thick, hypoderm strong, resin-ducts medial. Conelets with short-mucronate scales. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate or ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses nut-brown, flat or convex and transversely carinate, the p.r.i.c.kle of the umbo more or less persistent.

The Black Pine of j.a.pan has been cultivated for centuries, and by skillful j.a.panese gardeners has been trained into dwarf and other curious forms. It is hardy in cold-temperate climates. It is distinct from P. densiflora by the medial ducts of its leaf, from P. nigra by the fewer, larger, brown scales of its cone, and from P. resinosa by the armature of its conelet. It appears in most determinations of Chinese collections, but there is no Chinese Pine with the white buds and the medial leaf-ducts of this species.

Plate XXII.

Fig. 196, Two cones. Fig. 197, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.

33. PINUS NIGRA

1785 P. nigra Arnold, Reise n. Mariaz. 8, t.

1804 P. laricio Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Meth. v. 339.

1808 P. halepensis Bieberstein, Fl. Taur. Cauc. ii. 408 (not Miller).

1809 P. pinaster Besser, Fl. Galic. ii. 294 (not Aiton).

1813 P. maritima Aiton, f. Hort. Kew. v. 315 (not Lambert).

1816 P. sylvestris Baumgarten, Stirp. Transsilv. ii. 304 (not Linnaeus).

1818 P. pyrenaica Lapeyrouse, Hist. Pl. Pyren. Suppl. 146.

1824 P. Pallasiana Lambert, Gen. Pin. ii. 1, t. 1.

1825 P. austriaca Hoss in Flora, viii-1, Beil. 113.

1831 P. nigricans Host, Fl. Austr. ii. 628.

1842 P. dalmatica Visiani, Fl. Dalmal. 199, note.

1851 P. Salzmanni Dunal in Mem. Acad. Montp. ii. 82, tt.

1863 P. Heldreichii Christ in Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, iii. 549.

1864 P. leucodermis Antoine in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. xiv. 366.

1896 P. pindica Formanek in Verh. Nat. Ver. Brunn, x.x.xiv. 272.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 9 to 16 cm. long, the epiderm thick, hypoderm conspicuous, resin-ducts medial. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 4 to 8 cm. long, subsessile, symmetrical; apophyses l.u.s.trous, tawny yellow, transversely carinate, the keel strongly convex, the mucro of the umbo more or less persistent.

A valuable tree unequally distributed over the mountain slopes of central and southern Europe and Asia Minor. The typical form, under the name of the Austrian Pine, is a familiar exotic of the Middle and Eastern States of America. As Mathieu states (Flore Forest., ed. 4, 597), this species is quite constant in cone and bark. It may be added that the anatomy of the leaf is also constant, while the dimensions of both leaf and cone present no unusual variations. The varieties generally accepted are founded on the habit of the tree, a character of forestal or horticultural rather than of botanical importance.

Plate XXII.

Fig. 193, Two cones. Fig. 194, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 195, Magnified dermal tissues of the leaf.

[Ill.u.s.tration: PLATE XXII. P. LUCHUENSIS (191, 192), NIGRA (193-195), THUNBERGII (196, 197)]

34. PINUS MERKUSII

1790 P. sylvestris Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. ii. 579 (not Linnaeus).

1845 P. Merkusii De Vriese, Pl. Nov. Ind. Bat. 5, t. 2.

1847 P. Finlaysoniana Wallich ex Blume, Rumphia, iii. 210.

1849 P. Latteri Mason in Jour. Asiat. Soc. i. 74.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, slender, from 15 to 20 cm. long, the hypoderm of uniform thick-walled cells, resin-ducts medial, or with internal or septal ducts, endoderm-cells very unequal in size, some of them large. Conelets unarmed. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, peculiarly narrow-cylindrical, symmetrical; apophyses l.u.s.trous, rufous brown, radially carinate, the transverse keel prominent.

Of the habit of this Pine I know nothing. As a species it is very clearly defined by its peculiar cone and leaf-section. It grows in the Philippines, Sumatra, Lower Burmah and western Indo-China. In my specimen the pits of the ray-cells of the wood are both large and small. In this particular it may belong in either of two groups of species. Its uniform leaf-hypoderm a.s.sociates it with this group or with P. halepensis of the Insignes. I have a.s.sumed the cone to be dehiscent at maturity and have placed it with the Lariciones, but if further information shows the cone to be serotinous, this species should be transferred to the serotinous group.

Plate XXIII.

Fig. 198, Cone. Fig. 199, Magnified sections of two leaves. Fig.

200, Leaf-fascicle.

35. PINUS SINENSIS

1832 P. sinensis Lambert, Gen. Pin. ed. 8vo. i. 47, t. 29.

1867 P. tabulaeformis Carriere, Trait. Conif. ed. 2, 510.

1881 P. leucosperma Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. xxvii. 558.

1899 P. yunnanensis Franchet in Jour. de Bot. xiii. 253.

1901 P. funebris Komarow in Act. Hort. Petrop. xx. 177.

1902 P. Henryi Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 550.

1906 P. densata Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. x.x.xvii. 416.

1906 P. prominens Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. x.x.xvii. 417.

1911 P. Wilsonii Shaw in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. i. 3.

Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves binate, ternate, or both, from 10 to 15 cm. long, stout and rigid; resin-ducts external, or external and medial. Staminate catkins in short capitate cl.u.s.ters. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 4 to 9 cm. long, ovate, symmetrical or oblique, tenaciously persistent, dehiscent at maturity; apophyses l.u.s.trous, pale tawny yellow at first, gradually changing to a dark nut-brown, tumid, the posterior scales often larger and more prominent.

A tree of cold-temperate and subalpine levels, growing on the mountains of central and western China, and at lower alt.i.tudes in the north and in Corea. It is recognized by its tenaciously persistent cones with a remarkable change in color. It is constantly confused with P. Thunbergii and P. densiflora, neither of which grows spontaneously in China. From the former it differs in leaf-section and bud (the bud of P. sinensis is never white), from the latter in the l.u.s.tre and the color variation of its cone, and from both in the frequent obliquity of its cone and in the frequent presence of trimerous leaf-fascicles.

Of the two varieties of this species, densata and yunnanensis (Shaw in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. ii. 17), the former represents the extreme oblique form of cone, the latter represents the longest dimensions of cone and leaf. The effect of environment on this species can be seen in figs. 202, 203, from a lower slope and rich soil, and fig. 204, from a high rocky ledge in the same locality.

Plate XXIII.