Fig. 170, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 171, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.

26. PINUS TROPICALIS

1851 P. tropicalis Morelet in Rev. Hort. Cote d'Or, i. 105.

1904 P. terthrocarpa Shaw in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, x.x.xv. 179, f. 74.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, sometimes ternate, from 15 to 30 cm. long, rigid, erect; hypoderm of uniform thick-walled cells; resin-ducts of remarkable size, septal, or not quite touching the endoderm and technically external. Scales of the conelet minutely tuberculate. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, short-pedunculate, erect or patulous; ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses rufous brown, low-pyramidal, the umbo mutic.

Growing at sea-level within the tropics and confined to western Cuba and the Isle of Pines. On the island it is a.s.sociated with P.

caribaea. This species needs no other means of identification than its peculiar leaf-section. Septal ducts are found in P. oocarpa, Pringlei, Merkusii and rarely in other species, but they never attain the extraordinary size that appears to be invariable in P. tropicalis.

Plate XIX.

Fig. 172, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 173, Branch with leaves, much reduced. Fig. 174, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.

Fig. 175, Trees on the Isle of Pines.

[Ill.u.s.tration: PLATE XIX. P. RESINOSA (170, 171), TROPICALIS (172-175)]

27. PINUS Ma.s.sONIANA

1803 P. Ma.s.soniana Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 17, t. 12. 1861 P. ca.n.a.liculata Miquel in Jour. Bot. Neerland. i. 86.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, rarely ternate, from 12 to 20 cm.

long, slender and pliant; hypoderm inconspicuous; resin-ducts external.

Staminate catkins often in long dense cl.u.s.ters. Conelets partly tuberculate or mucronate, partly mutic. Cones symmetrical, from 4 to 7 cm. long, ovate-conic, short-pedunculate, early deciduous; apophyses subl.u.s.trous, nut-brown, flat or somewhat elevated, the umbo usually mutic.

The Chinese Red Pine is found in warm-temperate climates. It is native to southeastern China and follows the valley of the Yangtse River into Szech'uan. It has been confused by London with P. pinaster, which it resembles in no respect, by Siebold with P. Thunbergii, from which it differs in leaf-dimensions and in leaf-section, and by Mayr with his P. luchuensis, whose peculiar cortex and whose leaf-section has no counterpart among Chinese Hard Pines. Its nearest relative is P.

densiflora, from which it differs in its longer leaves, in the color of its cone and in its conelet (Plate XX, figs. 176, 179).

Plate XX.

Fig. 176, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 177, Two leaf-fascicles.

Fig. 178, Magnified leaf-section.

28. PINUS DENSIFLORA

1842 P. densiflora Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. j.a.p. ii. 22, t. 112.

1854 P. scopifera Miquel in Zollinger, Syst. Verz. Ind. Archip. 82.

Spring-shoots more or less pruinose, uninodal. Leaves binate, from 8 to 12 cm. long, slender; hypoderm of few inconspicuous cells; resin-ducts external. Staminate catkins in long dense cl.u.s.ters. Scales of the conelet conspicuously mucronate. Cones symmetrical, from 3 to 5 cm.

long, ovate-conic, often persistent for a few years but with a weak hold on the branch; apophyses dull pale tawny yellow, flat or slightly elevated, the mucro more or less persistent.

The j.a.panese Red Pine forms extensive forests on the mountains of central j.a.pan. It is perfectly hardy in cold-temperate climates. Wild specimens of China, ascribed to this species, are forms of the variable P. sinensis. From P. Ma.s.soniana it differs in its shorter leaves and yellow cone, but particularly in the more prominent p.r.i.c.kles and thicker scales of its conelet (figs. 176, 179).

Plate XX.

Fig. 179, Cones and enlarged conelet. Fig. 180, Leaf-fascicles. Fig.

181, Magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the leaf.

[Ill.u.s.tration: PLATE XX. P. Ma.s.sONIANA (176-178), DENSIFLORA (179-181)]

29. PINUS SYLVESTRIS

1753 P. sylvestris Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000 (excl. var.).

1768 P. rubra Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.

1768 P. tatarica Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.

1781 P. mughus Jacquin, Icon. Pl. Rar. i. t. 193 (not Scopoli).

1798 P. resinosa Savi, Fl. Pisa. ii. 354 (not Aiton).

1827 P. humilis Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 171.

1849 P. Kochiana Klotzsch in Linnaea, xxii. 296.

1849 P. armena Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297.

1849 P. pontica Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297.

1859 P. Frieseana Wichura in Flora, xlii. 409.

1906 P. lapponica Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- & Parkb. 348.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 7 cm. long; hypoderm inconspicuous; resin-ducts external. Conelet reflexed, minutely mucronate. Cones from 3 to 6 cm. long, reflexed, symmetrical or sometimes oblique, ovate-conic, deciduous; apophyses dull pale tawny yellow of a gray or greenish shade, flat, elevated or protuberant and often much more prominent on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo with a minute p.r.i.c.kle or its remnant.

A tree of great commercial value, with a very extended range, from Norway, Scotland and southern Spain to northeastern Siberia. A vigorous hardy species and extensively cultivated. The red upper trunk, characteristic of this Pine, is not invariable. The dark upper trunk is sufficiently common to be considered a varietal form (Mathieu, Flore Forest. ed. 4, 582). In various localities may be found trees bearing oblique cones, their apophyses showing various degrees of protuberance up to the extreme development represented in Loudon's ill.u.s.tration of the variety uncinata (Arb. Brit. iv, f.

2047). This cone is the beginning of the changes that culminate in species with oblique cones only. In P. sylvestris, however, the purpose of this form of cone is not apparent except in connection with this evolution.

Plate XXI.

Figs. 182, 183, Cones. Fig. 184, Leaf-fascicle, magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig.

185, Habit of the tree.

30. PINUS MONTANA

1768 P. montana Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.

1772 P. mughus Scopoli, Fl. Carn. ii. 247.

1791 P. pumilio Haenke in Jirasek, Beobacht. 68.

1804 P. mugho Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Meth. v. 336.

1805 P. uncinata Ramond ex De Candolle, Lamarck, Fl. Franc. ed. 3, iii. 726.

1813 P. sanguinea Lapeyrouse, Hist. Pl. Pyren. 587.

1827 P. rotundata Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 168.

1830 P. obliqua Sauter ex Reichenbach, Fl. Germ. Exc. 159.

1837 P. uliginosa Neumann ex Wimmer, Arb. Schles. Ges. 95.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 8 cm. long, the epiderm very thick, hypoderm weak; resin-ducts external. Conelets mucronate, nearly sessile. Cones from 2 to 7 cm. long, subsessile, ovate or ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, often persistent; apophyses l.u.s.trous tawny-yellow or dark brown, both colors often shading into each other on the same cone, flat, prominent or prolonged into uncinate beaks of various lengths, the last much more developed on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo bordered by a narrow dark ring and bearing the remnant of the mucro.

P. montana grows as a bush or as a small tree, the two forms often a.s.sociated. It ranges from central Spain through the Pyrenees, Alps and Apennines to the Balkan Mountains, a.s.sociated with P. cembra at higher, with P. sylvestris at lower alt.i.tudes. It grows indifferently in bogs and on rocky slopes. Its dwarf form, under the name of the Mugho Pine, is extensively cultivated as a garden ornament.

On the differences of the cone this species has been divided into three subspecies: uncinata, with an oblique cone and protuberant apophyses; pumilio, with a symmetrical cone and an excentric umbo; mughus, with a symmetrical cone and a concentric umbo. Other segregations based on the degree of development of the apophysis and on the size and color of the cone, have received names of four or even five terms--Pinus montana pumilio applanata--or Pinus montana uncinata rostrata castanea etc., etc. These elaborations may be seen in the Tharand Jahrbuch of 1861, p. 166, and with them appear also Hartig's specifications of 60 forms of this species, each dignified with a Latin name.

Plate XXI.