4. J. D. P. Bolton, Aristeas Aristeas (1962), a brilliant study, although his pp. 810 take a more cautious view of Longinus, (1962), a brilliant study, although his pp. 810 take a more cautious view of Longinus, On the Sublime On the Sublime 10.4 (his F7, p. 208). 10.4 (his F7, p. 208).

5. Text of the Oath in Loeb Library, Hippocrates Hippocrates, volume I, translated by W. H. S. Jones (1933), 298, with Vivian Nutton, Hippocratic Morality and Modern Medicine Hippocratic Morality and Modern Medicine, in Entretiens de la Fondation Hardt Entretiens de la Fondation Hardt, volume XLIII (1997), 3163.

6. Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae Deipnosophistae 12.541A, Ps.-Aristotle, 12.541A, Ps.-Aristotle, De Mirabilibus De Mirabilibus 96 and the brilliant study by J. Heurgon, 96 and the brilliant study by J. Heurgon, Scripta Varia Scripta Varia (1986), 299. (1986), 299.

7. Herodotus, 1.164.3.

CHAPTER 8. 8. TOWARDS DEMOCRACY TOWARDS DEMOCRACY.

1. Herodotus, 1.152.3.

2. P. A. Cartledge, Agesilaos Agesilaos (1987), 1011. (1987), 1011.

3. A. Andrewes, The Greek Tyrants The Greek Tyrants (1956), chapter VI, for this fine phrase. (1956), chapter VI, for this fine phrase.

4. Herodotus, 5.72.2, with P. J. Rhodes, Ancient Democracy and Modern Ideology Ancient Democracy and Modern Ideology (2003), 11213 and notes 17 and 19. (2003), 11213 and notes 17 and 19.

5. Mogens H. Hansen, The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes (1991), 220. (1991), 220.

6. Herodotus, 5.78.1; G. T. Griffith (ed.), Ancient Society and Inst.i.tutions: Studies Presented to V. Ehrenberg Ancient Society and Inst.i.tutions: Studies Presented to V. Ehrenberg (1966), 115. (1966), 115.

7. Herodotus, 5.73.3.

CHAPTER 9. 9. THE PERSIAN WARS THE PERSIAN WARS.

1. Herodotus, 1.21214.

2. Ibid. 1.153.12.

3. Section 8 of the Naqsh-i-Rustam DN-b text, as rendered in P. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander From Cyrus to Alexander, translated by Peter T. Daniels (2002), 212.

4. J. S. Morrison, J. F. Coates and N. B. Rankov, The Athenian Trireme The Athenian Trireme (2000, rev. edn.), 250 and 252. (2000, rev. edn.), 250 and 252.

5. Herodotus, 6.112.3.

6. V. D. Hanson, The Western Way of War The Western Way of War (1989), 158 and 175, also now in Hans van Wees, (1989), 158 and 175, also now in Hans van Wees, Greek Warfare Greek Warfare (2004), 184. (2004), 184.

7. Homer, Iliad Iliad 2.872. 2.872.

8. Found by M. H. Jameson and concisely discussed in R. Meiggs and D. M. Lewis, A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions (1988 edn.), number 23. (1988 edn.), number 23.

9. R. etienne and M. Pierart, in Bulletin de Correspondance h.e.l.lenique Bulletin de Correspondance h.e.l.lenique (1975), 51. (1975), 51.

10. Deborah Boedeker and David Sider (eds.), The New Simonides The New Simonides (1996). (1996).

11. Angelos P. Matthaiou, in Peter Derow and Robert Parker (eds.), Herodotus and His World Herodotus and His World (2003), 190202. (2003), 190202.

12. Herodotus, 8.83.

CHAPTER 10. 10. THE WESTERN GREEKS THE WESTERN GREEKS.

1. Pindar, Pythian Pythian 1.75. 1.75.

2. Historia Augusta Historia Augusta, Life of Hadrian 13.3.

3. Ps.-Plato, Seventh Letter Seventh Letter 326B. 326B.

4. Pindar, Olympian Olympian 5.1314. 5.1314.

5. T. J. Dunbabin, The Western Greeks The Western Greeks (1948), p. vii. (1948), p. vii.

6. F. Cordano, Le tessere pubbliche dal tempio di Atena a Camarina Le tessere pubbliche dal tempio di Atena a Camarina (1992); O. Murray, in Mogens H. Hansen (ed.), (1992); O. Murray, in Mogens H. Hansen (ed.), The Polis as an Urban Centre and as a Political Community: Acts of the Copenhagen Polis Centre The Polis as an Urban Centre and as a Political Community: Acts of the Copenhagen Polis Centre, volume IV (1997), 493504.

7. Michael H. Jameson, David R. Jordan and Roy D. Kotansky, A Lex Sacra from Selinous A Lex Sacra from Selinous (1993). (1993).

8. Pindar, F106 (Maehler): I owe this to P. J. Wilson.

9. Herodotus, 7.164.1.

10. A. Giovannini, 'Le Sel et la fortune de Rome', in Athenaeum Athenaeum (1985), 37387, a brilliant study. (1985), 37387, a brilliant study.

11. Livy, 3.31.8, with R. M. Ogilvie, A Commentary on Livy, Books 15 A Commentary on Livy, Books 15 (1965), 44950, for the variants and a sceptical view. (1965), 44950, for the variants and a sceptical view.

CHAPTER 11. 11. CONQUEST AND EMPIRE CONQUEST AND EMPIRE.

1. Herodotus, 5.92 on isokratia isokratia.

2. Pindar, Pythian Pythian 7.1819. 7.1819.

3. Herodotus, 8.124.3.

4. Pliny, Natural History Natural History 18.144. 18.144.

5. Thucydides, 2.65.2 is important here; A. G. Geddes, in Cla.s.sical Quarterly Cla.s.sical Quarterly (1987), 30731, for the problematic question of dress. (1987), 30731, for the problematic question of dress.

6. Thucydides, 2.63.2 and 3.37.2.

CHAPTER 12. 12. A CHANGING GREEK CULTURAL WORLD A CHANGING GREEK CULTURAL WORLD.

1. Hippocrates, Epidemics Epidemics 1.1; Jean Pouilloux, 1.1; Jean Pouilloux, Recherches sur l'histoire et les cultes de Thasos Recherches sur l'histoire et les cultes de Thasos, volume I (1954), 24950 is crucial for the dating, but I identify the mention of the 'new wall' with Thasos' new wall built by the 460s, and I keep Polygnotus and therefore 'Antiphon, son of Critoboulus' up in the 460s too. I acknowledge many discussions of this rare point with the late D. M. Lewis, who agreed.

2. Herodotus, 3.80.3.

3. J. S. Morrison, J. F. Coates and N. B. Rankov, The Athenian Trireme The Athenian Trireme (2000), 238. (2000), 238.

4. Athenaeus, 14.619A, with Walter Scheidel, in Greece and Rome Greece and Rome (1996), 1. (1996), 1.

5. Ps.-Demosthenes, 59.122.

6. Ps.-Xenophon, Const.i.tution of the Athenians Const.i.tution of the Athenians 3.2 and 3.8. 3.2 and 3.8.

7. David Harvey and John Wilkins, The Rivals of Aristophanes The Rivals of Aristophanes (2000). (2000).

8. Alberto Cesare Ca.s.sio, in Cla.s.sical Quarterly Cla.s.sical Quarterly (1985), 3842. (1985), 3842.

CHAPTER 13. 13. PERICLES AND ATHENS PERICLES AND ATHENS.

1. H. L. Hudson-Williams, in Cla.s.sical Quarterly Cla.s.sical Quarterly (1951), 6873, on 'pamphlets'; Harvey Yunis (ed.), (1951), 6873, on 'pamphlets'; Harvey Yunis (ed.), Written Texts and the Rise of Literate Culture in Ancient Greece Written Texts and the Rise of Literate Culture in Ancient Greece (2003), has all the bibliography. (2003), has all the bibliography.

2. Thucydides, 2.65.9.

3. Ion, in Plutarch, Life of Pericles Life of Pericles 5.3. 5.3.

4. Plato, Menexenus Menexenus, with the comic Callias F15 (k.o.c.k), for this sort of joke.

5. Plutarch, Life of Pericles Life of Pericles 24.9. 24.9.

6. Ibid. 8.7.

7. Glenn R. Bugh, The Hors.e.m.e.n of Athens The Hors.e.m.e.n of Athens (1988), 5278. (1988), 5278.

8. Thucydides, 2.41.4.

9. J. M. Mansfield, 'The Robe of Athena and the Panathenaic Peplos' (Dissertation, Univ. of California, Berkeley 1985), supplementing D. M. Lewis, Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History (1997), 1312. (1997), 1312.

10. Aeneas Tacticus, 31.24.

11. Thucydides, 2.40.2.

12. Plutarch, Life of Pericles Life of Pericles 3.5 and 13.5, with Anthony J. Podlecki, 3.5 and 13.5, with Anthony J. Podlecki, Perikles and His Circle Perikles and His Circle (1998), 172, citing A. L. Robkin for the view I, too, have always preferred. (1998), 172, citing A. L. Robkin for the view I, too, have always preferred.

CHAPTER 14. 14. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR.

1. M. H. Jameson, in R. G. Osborne and S. Hornblower (eds.), Ritual, Finance and Politics Ritual, Finance and Politics (1994), 307. (1994), 307.

2. Thucydides, 3.36.6; 5.16.1; 8.73.3; 8.97.2.

3. Xenophon, h.e.l.lenica h.e.l.lenica 2.3.39; Thucydides, 7.86.5. 2.3.39; Thucydides, 7.86.5.

4. Thucydides, 1.22.3.

5. Thucydides, 2.27.1, whereas Herodotus, 6.91.1, adduces a religious explanation.

CHAPTER 15. 15. SOCRATES SOCRATES.

1. Diogenes Laertius, 2.40; on the sense of 'theous nomizein', I confess to preferring J. Tate, in Cla.s.sical Review Cla.s.sical Review (1936), 3 and (1937), 3. (1936), 3 and (1937), 3.

2. Xenophon, Symposium Symposium 2.10. 2.10.

3. Aristophanes, Clouds Clouds 15069. 15069.

4. Plutarch, Life of Pericles Life of Pericles 32.2 with L. Woodbury, in 32.2 with L. Woodbury, in Phoenix Phoenix (1981), 295 and M. Ostwald, (1981), 295 and M. Ostwald, From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law (1986), 52831. (1986), 52831.

5. Xenophon, Symposium Symposium 8.2. 8.2.

CHAPTER 16. 16. FIGHTING FOR FREEDOM AND JUSTICE FIGHTING FOR FREEDOM AND JUSTICE.