71. Relief of Hadrian's beloved Antinous, deified, from near Lanuvium in Italy.

Notes.

HADRIAN AND THE CLa.s.sICAL WORLD.

1. Aulus Gellius, 19.8.5.

2. J. M. C. Toynbee, The Hadrianic School: A Chapter in the History of Greek Art The Hadrianic School: A Chapter in the History of Greek Art (1934). (1934).

3. A. Spawforth, S. Walker, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1985), 78104, and (1986), 88105, are still the fundamental studies. (1985), 78104, and (1986), 88105, are still the fundamental studies.

4. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, 12.1122.

5. Josephus, Jewish War Jewish War 2.385. 2.385.

6. Historia Augusta Historia Augusta, Life of Hadrian 12.6.

7. Tertullian, Apology Apology 5.7. 5.7.

8. William J. Macdonald, John A. Pinto, Hadrian's Villa and Its Legacy Hadrian's Villa and Its Legacy (1995). (1995).

9. R. Syme, Fictional History Old and New: Hadrian Fictional History Old and New: Hadrian (1986, lecture), 2021: 'the notion that Hadrian, if anything, was an Epicurean may engender disquiet or annoyance.' So far, it has not. (1986, lecture), 2021: 'the notion that Hadrian, if anything, was an Epicurean may engender disquiet or annoyance.' So far, it has not.

10. Sophocles, Antigone Antigone 821. 821.

11. F. D. Harvey, in Cla.s.sica et Mediaevalia Cla.s.sica et Mediaevalia (1965), 10146. (1965), 10146.

12. Mary T. Boatwright, Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire (2000), an excellent study whose bibliography is important for this book. (2000), an excellent study whose bibliography is important for this book.

13. Naphtali Lewis, in Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies (1991), 26780, with the history of the scholarly debate over authenticity. (1991), 26780, with the history of the scholarly debate over authenticity.

14. G. Daux, in Bulletin de Correspondance h.e.l.lenique Bulletin de Correspondance h.e.l.lenique (1970), 60918, and in (1970), 60918, and in Ancient Macedonia II Ancient Macedonia II, Inst.i.tute for Balkan Studies number 155 (1977), 32023.

CHAPTER 1. 1. HOMERIC EPIC HOMERIC EPIC.

1. L. G.o.dart, A. Sacconi, in Comptes Rendus de L'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres Comptes Rendus de L'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres (1998), 889906, and (2001), 52746. (1998), 889906, and (2001), 52746.

2. S. Mitch.e.l.l, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1990), 1845, translating lines 40 ff. of C. Julius Demosthenes' inscription at Oenoanda (AD 124). (1990), 1845, translating lines 40 ff. of C. Julius Demosthenes' inscription at Oenoanda (AD 124).

3. Homer, Iliad Iliad 6.528 and 6.528 and Odyssey Odyssey 17.323. 17.323.

4. Homer, Iliad Iliad 2.270. 2.270.

5. Ibid. 16.38492.

6. Ibid. 18.5078.

CHAPTER 2. 2. THE GREEKS' SETTLEMENTS THE GREEKS' SETTLEMENTS 1. M. H. Hansen, in M. H. Hansen (ed.), A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures (2000), 14286, at 146. (2000), 14286, at 146.

2. W. D. Niemeier, in Aegaeum Aegaeum (1999), 14155. (1999), 14155.

3. J. D. Hawkins, in Anatolian Studies Anatolian Studies (2000), 131. (2000), 131.

4. Plutarch, Greek Questions Greek Questions 11. 11.

5. Pliny, Natural History Natural History 19.1011. 19.1011.

6. S. Amigues, in Revue Archeologique Revue Archeologique (1988), 227. (1988), 227.

7. S. Amigues, in Journal des Savants Journal des Savants (2004), 191226, contesting the recently revived identification with (2004), 191226, contesting the recently revived identification with Cachrys ferulacea Cachrys ferulacea.

8. Diodorus, 13.81.5 and 83.3.

9. T. J. Dunbabin, The Western Greeks The Western Greeks (1948), 77 and 365. (1948), 77 and 365.

10. P. A. Hansen (ed.), Carmina Epigraphica Graeca Carmina Epigraphica Graeca, Volume I (1983), number 400: Robert Parker kindly cited this for me.

11. J. Reynolds, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1978), 113, lines 212, and, for the local side to it, see A. J. Spawforth and Susan Walker, ibid. (1986), 98101, a fascinating study. (1978), 113, lines 212, and, for the local side to it, see A. J. Spawforth and Susan Walker, ibid. (1986), 98101, a fascinating study.

CHAPTER 3. 3. ARISTOCRATS ARISTOCRATS.

1. Hesiod, Theogony Theogony 8093 and 8093 and Works and Days Works and Days 39. 39.

2. Aristotle, Politics Politics 1306A 1520. 1306A 1520.

3. Homer, Iliad Iliad 3.222. 3.222.

4. O. Murray, in Apoikia: scritti in onore di Giorgio Buchner Apoikia: scritti in onore di Giorgio Buchner, AION n.s. 1 (1994), 4754, for this dating.

5. M. Vickers, Greek Symposia Greek Symposia (Joint a.s.sociation of Cla.s.sical Teachers, London, n.d.). (Joint a.s.sociation of Cla.s.sical Teachers, London, n.d.).

6. L. Foxhall, in Lynette G. Mitch.e.l.l and P. J. Rhodes (eds.), The Development of the Polis in Archaic Greece The Development of the Polis in Archaic Greece (1997), 130, gives calculations, perhaps on the high end of the scale. (1997), 130, gives calculations, perhaps on the high end of the scale.

7. Jacob Burckhardt, The Greeks and Greek Civilization The Greeks and Greek Civilization, abridged and translated by Sheila Stern (1998), 179. I incline to his view, which is still controversial.

8. H. W. Pleket, in Peter Garnsey, Keith Hopkins and C. R. Whittaker (eds.), Trade in the Ancient Economy Trade in the Ancient Economy (1983), 13144, the model which essentially I follow on this vexed question throughout this book. (1983), 13144, the model which essentially I follow on this vexed question throughout this book.

CHAPTER 4. 4. THE IMMORTAL G.o.dS THE IMMORTAL G.o.dS.

1. Homer, Iliad Iliad 23.756 and 100. 23.756 and 100.

2. Homeric Hymn to Apollo Hymn to Apollo 18993. 18993.

3. Erich Csapo, Theories of Mythology Theories of Mythology (2005), 16571. (2005), 16571.

4. Robert Parker, in J. Boardman, J. Griffin and O. Murray (eds.), The Oxford History of the Cla.s.sical World The Oxford History of the Cla.s.sical World (1986), 266. (1986), 266.

5. Homer, Odyssey Odyssey 11.2414. 11.2414.

6. Ibid. 11.251 and Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite Hymn to Aphrodite 2869, with P. Maas, 2869, with P. Maas, Kleine Schriften Kleine Schriften (1973), 667, implying the G.o.ds make love only to virgins. But Helen was not one. (1973), 667, implying the G.o.ds make love only to virgins. But Helen was not one.

7. Prices from Attic data only, in M. H. Jameson, in Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, supplementary volume 14 (1988), 91.

8. Hesiod, Theogony Theogony 41852 with M. L. West's 41852 with M. L. West's Commentary Commentary (1971 edn.), 27691. (1971 edn.), 27691.

9. Homeric Hymn to Apollo Hymn to Apollo 390end, with the remarkable study by W. G. Forrest, in 390end, with the remarkable study by W. G. Forrest, in Bulletin de Correspondance h.e.l.lenique Bulletin de Correspondance h.e.l.lenique (1956), 3352. (1956), 3352.

10. Adrienne Mayor, in Archaeology Archaeology 28 (1999), 3240. 28 (1999), 3240.

11. W. G. Forrest, in Historia Historia (1959), 174. (1959), 174.

CHAPTER 5. 5. TYRANTS AND LAWGIVERS TYRANTS AND LAWGIVERS.

1. Hesiod, Works and Days Works and Days 22537. 22537.

2. Chester G. Starr, The Origins of Greek Civilization The Origins of Greek Civilization (1962), part III, for the phrase I reapply here. (1962), part III, for the phrase I reapply here.

3. Anthologia Palatina Anthologia Palatina 14.93. 14.93.

4. Solon F36 (West).

5. Solon F4 (West), line 18.

6. Solon F36 (West).

7. R. F. Willetts, The Law Code of Gortyn The Law Code of Gortyn (1967), with a possible translation; A. L. Di Lello-Finuoli, in D. Musti (ed.), (1967), with a possible translation; A. L. Di Lello-Finuoli, in D. Musti (ed.), La transizione dal Miceneo all'Arcaismo... Roma, 1419 Marzo, 1988 La transizione dal Miceneo all'Arcaismo... Roma, 1419 Marzo, 1988 (1991), 21530; K. R. Kristensen, in (1991), 21530; K. R. Kristensen, in Cla.s.sica et Medievalia Cla.s.sica et Medievalia (1994), 526. (1994), 526.

8. E. Levy, in P. Brule and J. Oulken (eds.), Esclavage, guerre, economie en Grece ancienne: Hommages a Yvon Garlan Esclavage, guerre, economie en Grece ancienne: Hommages a Yvon Garlan (1997), 2541, is fundamental here. (1997), 2541, is fundamental here.

9. Aristotle, Athenaion Politeia Athenaion Politeia 7.34; on the (non-numerical) cla.s.ses, see (correctly) G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, 7.34; on the (non-numerical) cla.s.ses, see (correctly) G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, Athenian Democratic Origins Athenian Democratic Origins (2004), 572; I must stress that the '300' and '200' measures for hippeis and zeugites are only an Aristotelian guess ( (2004), 572; I must stress that the '300' and '200' measures for hippeis and zeugites are only an Aristotelian guess (eulogotera) and are not historical. Zeugitai Zeugitai, like (e. g.) boarii boarii in early medieval law-codes, owned oxen; hippeis owned horses. It is unfortunate that these Aristotelian guesses are too often taken as key 'statistical' sources for the archaic state's economy and land-holdings. in early medieval law-codes, owned oxen; hippeis owned horses. It is unfortunate that these Aristotelian guesses are too often taken as key 'statistical' sources for the archaic state's economy and land-holdings.

10. Pausanias, 6.4.8.

11. Aelian, Varia Historia Varia Historia 2.29. 2.29.

CHAPTER 6. 6. SPARTA SPARTA.

1. J. Reynolds, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1978), 113, lines 3943; Paul Cartledge and Antony Spawforth, (1978), 113, lines 3943; Paul Cartledge and Antony Spawforth, h.e.l.lenistic and Roman Sparta h.e.l.lenistic and Roman Sparta (1992 edn.), 113. (1992 edn.), 113.

2. A. Andrewes, Probouleusis: Sparta's Contribution to the Technique of Government Probouleusis: Sparta's Contribution to the Technique of Government (1954). (1954).

3. Plutarch, Greek Questions Greek Questions 4, with G. Grote, 4, with G. Grote, A History of Greece A History of Greece, volume II (1888, revised edn.), 266 and note 2 for the relevance of it at 'Laconian' Cnidus.

4. Homer, Odyssey Odyssey 17.487; A. Andrewes, in 17.487; A. Andrewes, in Cla.s.sical Quarterly Cla.s.sical Quarterly (1938), 8991. (1938), 8991.

5. Terpander in Plutarch, Life of Lycurgus Life of Lycurgus 21.4. 21.4.

6. Mucia.n.u.s, cited in Pliny, Natural History Natural History 19.12. 19.12.

CHAPTER 7. 7. THE EASTERN GREEKS THE EASTERN GREEKS.

1. Homeric Hymn to Apollo Hymn to Apollo 14655. 14655.

2. Herodotus, 2.152.4.

3. Sappho F 39 (Diehl), with (independently of mine) the fine observations by John Raven, Plants and Plant Lore in Ancient Greece Plants and Plant Lore in Ancient Greece (2000), 9. (2000), 9.