LIST OF THE CENTRAL ESKIMO TRIBES.

The following list gives the tribes of the Central Eskimo and their geographical distribution:

I. Northern coast of Labrador: (1) Kangivamiut (George River).

(2) Kouksoarmiut (Big River).

(3) Ungavamiut (Hope Advance Bay).

(4) Itivimiut (Cape Wolstenholme).

II. Northern sh.o.r.e of Hudson Strait: (5) Sikosuilarmiut (King Cape).

(6) Akuliarmiut (North Bluff).

(7) Qaumauangmiut (Middle Savage Islands).

III. Davis Strait: (8) Nugumiut (Frobisher Bay).

(9) Oqomiut (c.u.mberland Sound): _a._ Talirpingmiut (west sh.o.r.e of c.u.mberland Sound and Nettilling).

_b._ Qinguamiut (head of c.u.mberland Sound).

_c._ Kingnaitmiut (Qeqerten and environs).

_d._ Saumingmiut (southern part of c.u.mberland Peninsula).

(10) Akudnirmiut (Davis Strait).

_a._ Padlimiut (Padli Fjord).

_b._ Akudnirmiut (Home Bay).

IV. Northern part of Baffin Land, North Devon, and Ellesmere Land: (11) Aggomiut.

_a._ Tununirmiut (Eclipse Sound).

_b._ Tununirusirmiut (Admiralty Inlet and North Devon).

(12) Inhabitants of Umingman Nuna (Ellesmere Land).

V. Melville Peninsula, Wager River, and Southampton Island: (13) _a._ Iglulirmiut (Fury and Hecla Strait).

_b._ Amitormiut (eastern coast of Melville Peninsula).

(14) _a._ Pilingmiut (eastern coast of Fox Basin).

_b._ Sagdlirmiut (islands of Fox Basin).

(15) Aivillirmiut (Repulse Bay and Wager River).

(16) Sagdlirmiut (Southampton Island):

VI. (17) Kinipetu (Chesterfield Inlet).

VII. Boothia Felix and King William Land: (18) Sinimiut (Pelly Bay).

(19) Netchillirmiut (Boothia Felix and King William Land).

(20) Ugjulirmiut (King William Land and Adelaide Peninsula).

(21) Ukusiksalirmiut (estuary of Back River).

VIII. Qidnelik (coast west of Adelaide Peninsula).

IX. Inhabitants of North Greenland.

HUNTING AND FISHING.[4]

[Footnote 4: A glossary of the Eskimo words used throughout this paper will be found on p. 659.]

SEAL, WALRUS, AND WHALE HUNTING.

The staple food of the Central Eskimo is the seal, particularly _Pagomys ftidus_. The methods of hunting this animal differ materially at different seasons, as its mode of life depends on the state of the ice.

In the winter it takes to the smooth parts of the floe a few miles from the coast, where it scratches breathing holes through the ice, in which it rises to blow. It shuns hummocky ice and floes of more than one year's age. Wherever the edge of the ice is at a great distance from the settlements, the only way of procuring seals is by watching for them at these holes. For the pursuit a light harpoon is used, called unang. The shape of this weapon has been somewhat changed since the introduction of rod iron. Formerly it consisted of a shaft having at one end an ivory point firmly attached by thongs and rivets, the point tapering toward the end. The point was slanting on one side so as to form almost an oblique cone. Thus it facilitated the separation of the harpoon head from the unang. On the opposite end of the shaft another piece of ivory was attached, generally forming a k.n.o.b. The material used in making the shaft was wood, bone, or ivory, according to the region in which it was manufactured. In Iglulik and in Aggo the narwhal's horn was the favorite material for the whole implement, a single horn being sufficient to make a whole shaft. Wherever wood could be procured small pieces were ingeniously lashed together. As the shaft is apt to be broken by the struggles of the animal when struck by the weapon, it was strengthened by a stout thong running along the whole length of the shaft. In all other respects the old design corresponds to the modern one.

Unfortunately I have seen no specimen of this description, but a figure may be seen in Ross II, p. 272, in the hand of one of the natives. In Alaska a similar harpoon is in use, a specimen of which is represented in Fig. 390. It consists of a wooden shaft, with a stout ivory point at the lower end and another at the upper end. Both are fastened to the shaft by whalebone strings. In the upper end a slanting ivory point is inserted, which serves for attaching the harpoon head to it. The whole shaft is strengthened by a seal line, as shown in the figure.

The unang now in use in Baffin Land and on the western sh.o.r.e of Hudson Bay (Fig. 391) consists of a wooden shaft into which an iron rod (unartenga) is sunk. The latter is pointed at the end (see, also, Fig.

393) in about the same way as the old ivory implement. The socket is secured by a small ivory ring (unaqiuta) or a string wound around the end of the shaft. In the socket close to the iron rod a bent nail is inserted, forming a narrow eye (tagusiarbing). Near the center of the whole implement a small piece of ivory (tikagung; see, also, Fig. 418) is fastened to the shaft, forming a support for the hand when throwing the weapon. At the lower end of the shaft a string of deer sinews or a thong is fastened, forming a loop (nabiring) which pa.s.ses through a hole drilled through the shaft. A stout iron point is also attached to the lower end of the shaft (tounga).

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 390. harpoon from Alaska. (American Museum of Natural History, New York.)]

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 391. Modern unang or sealing harpoon. (Museum fur Volkerkunde, Berlin. IV A 6729.)]

The natives carry this implement on all their winter excursions, as it is serviceable for numerous purposes. It is always kept within reach on the sledge, as the strong iron point is useful for cutting down hummocks, should any obstruct the pa.s.sage of the sledges, or for cutting holes through the ice, or it takes the place of a hatchet in breaking the frozen meat which is carried along for dogs' food. The long iron rod is extremely useful in trying the strength of the ice or the depth of the snow. By taking precautionary measures of this kind the natives pa.s.s over extensive floes of weak ice.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 392. Old style naulang or harpoon head. (Museum fur Volkerkunde, Berlin. IV A 6692.) 1/1]

The head belonging to the unang is called naulang. Since iron has been introduced in Baffin Land and Hudson Bay, the natives file their harpoon heads out of it, but adhere almost exactly to the old pattern. The old naulang was cut out of bone or more frequently out of ivory (Fig. 392).

It was one inch to two inches long and had a piece of metal inserted into the slit at the top. Through the middle of the instrument a hole was drilled parallel to the plane of the blade. The harpoon line pa.s.sed through the hole, and as soon as the point struck an animal and a strain was put upon the line it turned at a right angle to the latter, thus acting as a toggle. The effect was increased by two points at the lower end of the naulang, called uming (beard). These pressed into the flesh or the skin of the animal and prevented the harpoon head from slipping back.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 393. Modern naulang or harpoon head (Museum fur Volkerkunde, Berlin. IV A 6729.) ]

The modern naulang (Fig. 393) is about the same length as the old one, but much more slender. While the back of the old pattern was straight, the points of the iron one are bent outward and backward in order to increase its effect.

The naulang is fastened to the harpoon line (iparang). This part of the instrument is much longer than the unang, as it must allow for the struggles of the diving seal. The end of the line pa.s.ses through the hole of the naulang and a loop is formed and secured by deer sinew or arranged as may be seen in Fig. 393. At a distance equal to the length of the iron rod of the unang a small thong (taguta) is attached to the line and serves to fasten it to the shaft (see Fig. 391). It is drawn through the eye formed by the tagusiarbing. As soon as a strain is put upon the naulang the line parts from the shaft, as the taguta is only squeezed into the eye and is easily detached. The harpoon line pa.s.ses through the nabiring or is fastened by a slipping hitch to the shaft of the unang.

If the unang has a nabiring the line pa.s.ses through this loop. A few feet below it a small piece of ivory (akparaiktung) is attached to the line, acting as a hook after it has run out. It catches the nabiring and drags the harpoon along, thus impeding the movements of the animal (see Fig. 391).

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 394. Qilertuang or leather strap and clasps for holding coiled up harpoon lines. _a_, _c_ (National Museum, Washington. _a_, 34128; _c_, 34132.) _b_ (Museum fur Volkerkunde, Berlin.) 1/1]

The rest of the line is coiled up and held by the hunter. The end is doubled so as to form a loop which serves as a handle when the line runs out with the diving seal. Generally, a small piece of leather (Fig. 394) with two slits at one end and an ivory clasp (qilertuang) at the other is fastened to this loop; it serves to hold the bights together when the line is detached from the harpoon and rolled up. Some art is bestowed on the manufacture of this clasp (Fig. 394). Usually it represents a seal, the head of which forms a hook on which the slits can be fastened. The clasp is either tied or otherwise secured to the leather strap. Some specimens in the British Museum, which are about one hundred and fifty years old, show that these implements have not undergone any change during that time.

Parry describes another harpoon head used by the Iglulirmiut for the unang. He calls it a siatko (Fig. 395). I myself have not seen any of a similar pattern, but k.u.mlien gives a sketch of one found in a grave at Exeter Sound (Fig. 396). The princ.i.p.al difference between the naulang and the siatko is that the edge of the former is parallel to the hole through which the line pa.s.ses, while in the latter their directions are vertical to each other. The head of the whaling harpoon (see Fig. 436) acts on the same principle.

When the day begins to dawn the Eskimo prepares for the hunt. The dogs are harnessed to the sledge and the hunting implements are fitted up.

The harpoon line and the snow knife are hung over the deer's antlers, which are attached to the hind part of the sledge, a seal or bear skin is lashed upon the bottom, and the spear secured under the lashing. The hunter takes up the whip and the dogs set off for the hunting ground.

When near the place where he expects to find seals, the hunter stops the team and takes the implements from the sledge, which is then turned upside down. The points of the runners and the short brow antler are pressed into the snow in order to prevent the dogs from running away.

A dog with a good scent is then taken from the team and the Eskimo follows his guidance until a seal's hole is found. In winter it is entirely covered with snow, but generally a very small elevation indicates the situation. The dog is led back to the sledge and the hunter examines the hole to make sure that it is still visited by the seal. Cautiously he cuts a hole through the snow covering and peeps into the excavation. If the water is covered with a new coat of ice the seal has left the hole and it would be in vain to expect its return. The hunter must look for a new hole promising better results.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 395. Siatko or harpoon head of the Iglulirmiut.

(From Parry II, p. 550.)]

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 396. Siatko found at Exeter Sound. (From a drawing by L. k.u.mlien.)]

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 397. Eskimo in the act of striking a seal. (From a photograph.)]