64.); Winsor, op. cit., Vol. III, p. 214; Harrisse, H. Notes sur la Nouvelle France. Paris, 1872. p. 222; Murphy, H. C.

Inquiry into the authenticity of Verrazano's claims. New York, 1903. p. 114.

[248] Thatcher, J. B. Christopher Columbus. New York, 1903.

Vol. II, pp. 93-209. In these pages may be found a critical consideration of questions relating to the subject of the Line of Demarcation. Linden, H. V. Alexander VI and the demarcation of the maritime and colonial domains of Spain and Portugal, 1493-1494. (In: American Historical Review.

1916. pp. 1-21.)

[249] Polidori, P. De vita gestis et moribus Marceli II, Pontificis Maximi commentarius. Romae, 1744; Cordella, L.

Memorie storiche dei Cardinali della Sancta Romana Chiesa.

Roma, 1792. Vol. IV, p. 225.

Marcello Cervino was born in the year 1501. For his attainments in the field of literature, Italian, Latin, and Greek, in philosophy, jurisprudence, and mathematics he held a place of great distinction among his contemporaries. In the year 1539 he was made a cardinal prefect of the Vatican, and the year 1555 he was elevated to the Papacy, but died twenty-one days thereafter.

[250] Hall, E. H. Giovanni da Verrazano and his Discoveries in North America. (In: Fifteenth Annual Report of the American Scenic and Historical Preservation Society. New York, 1910.)

There is an extensive Verrazano literature. The original letter written by the explorer to Francis I of France, under whose auspices he had sailed on his voyage of discovery in the year 1524, seems to have been lost, but copies of the same, it may have been with alterations, were sent to Verrazano's relatives and friends in Italy. Ramusio, in the year 1556, and Hakluyt, in the year 1582, published one of these copies, and it has since been frequently printed.

In addition to the above, there exists a ma.n.u.script copy, sometimes referred to as the Florentine or Magliabechian codex, a fragmentary copy in the Academy of Cimento, and a ma.n.u.script copy recently discovered, which from the name of its present owner may be called the Cellere codex. Hall has printed the original doc.u.ment and has given an excellent translation of the same.

[251] Tiraboschi. Storia. Tom. VII, pt. i, p. 205.

[252] Fiorini, op. cit., p. 117.

[253] Navarrete, M. F. de. Noticia biografia de Alonso de Santa Cruz. Madrid, 1835. Reprinted in his Opusculos. Tom.

II; Nicolao, A. Biblioteca Hispana. Romae, 1672. Tom, I, p.

37; Harrisse. Discovery, p. 736; also in his Jean et Sebastian Cabot, p. 173; Espada, J. de la. Relaciones geograficas de Indias, publicalas el Ministerio de Fomento Peru. Madrid, 1885. Tom. II, p. xxi; pp. x.x.x-x.x.xvi.

In the second reference is a reprint of an inventory, made at the time of the death of Santa Cruz, of his collection of maps, pictures, and ma.n.u.scripts and especially referred to in the receipt given by Juan Lopez, his successor as Royal Cosmographer, mention being made of no less than eighty-seven items.

[254] He seems to have produced nothing of special importance in his capacity as "Historicus Regius," giving, however, some attention to the subjects of heraldry, and genealogy. The question of the determination of longitude interested him, and there is still preserved, in the Royal Library of Madrid, his ma.n.u.script bearing the t.i.tle "Libro de las longitudes y manera que hasta ago se ha tenido en el arte de navegar con sus demonstraciones y examplos." At the time of his death there was also left a paper in ma.n.u.script, treating of the subject of longitude, which probably contains a summary of suggestions made to the Junta in Sevilla in the year 1536 "sobre la orden que se ha tenido en el dar de la longitud."

[255] Wieser, F. R. v. Die Karten von Amerika in den Islario General des Alonso de Santa Cruz Cosmografo Mayor des Kaisers Karl V, mit der spanischen original Texte und einer Kritischen Einleitung. Innsbruck, 1908. This work was reviewed by Stevenson, E. L. (In: American Historical Review. 1910. pp. 392-394.)

[256] Catalogue General des Ma.n.u.scrits des Bibliotheques Publiques de France. Department Tom. x.x.xII. Paris, 1897. p.

399; Harrisse. Discovery. p. 621.

[257] Schuller, R. R. Arcerca del "Yslario General" de Alonso de Santa Cruz. London, 1913. (In: Proceedings of the XVIII Session of the International Congress of Americanists.

London, 1913. Vol. II, pp. 415-432.); Islario general de todas las islas del mundo dirigido a la S. C. R. M. del rey don Phelipe miestro Senor por Al? de Santa Cruz su cosmographo mayor, con grabados en el texto y varias laminas. (In: Boletin de la Sociedad Geografica de Madrid.

Madrid, 1918, 1919.)

[258] Harrisse. Discovery. p. 624; Nordenskiold, Facsimile Atlas, p. 109, gives an excellent reproduction of this map.

[259] Dahlgren, E. W. Map of the World by Alonzo de Santa Cruz, 1542. Stockholm, 1892. Dahlgren has given us an excellent facsimile of this map, with critical text including a summary of the work of Santa Cruz and a list of the names on the map.

[260] See p. 150.

[261] Raemdonck, J. v. Gerard Mercator, sa vie et ses oeuvres. St. Nicolas, 1869; Wauvermans, H. E. Histoire de l'ecole cartographique belge et anveroise au XVI siecle.

Anvers, 1895. Vol. II, pp. 37-109; 174-213; Breusing, A.

Gerhard Kremer, genannt Mercator, der deutsche Geograph.

Duisbourg, 1869; Raemdonck, J. van. Gerard de Cremer ou Mercator, Geographe Flamand. Reponse a la Conference du Dr.

Breusing, tenue a Duisbourg le 30 mars, 1869. St. Nicolas, 1870; Hall, E. H. Gerard Mercator, his Life and Work. New York, 1878. pp. 163-196.

[262] The University Library is reported to have possessed many of the original Mercator ma.n.u.scripts. One cannot at present tell the fate of these ma.n.u.scripts. They may have been destroyed at the time of the recent German invasion, or have been carried away with other material by the booty-loving invaders.

[263] See p. 102.

[264] Raemdonck, J. v. La Geographie ancienne de la Palestine. Lettre de Gerard Mercator, mai 22, 1567. St.

Nicolas, 1884. This map of Palestine, published in large folio size, was dedicated to Francois Craneveld, Counseiller to the Grand-Conseil of Malines, and published at Louvain in the year 1537. A copy of this cannot now be located.

[265] Raemdonck, J. v. De groote kaart van Vlaanderen vervaardidg in 1540 door G. Mercator, bij middel van lichtdruk weergeg, naar het ex. behoorende aan het Museum Plantin-Moretus ... en voorzien met eens verklarende inleiding. Antwerp, 1882. This map, in four sheets, measuring 110 by 80.6 cm., was dedicated to Charles V and published at Louvain.

[266] Raemdonck, J. v. Orbis Imago. Mappemonde de Gerard Mercator. St. Nicolas, 1882. (In: Annales du Cercle Archeologique du Pays de Waes. St. Nicolas, 1882. Tom. X, 4?? Livr.)

On the t.i.tle-page of a separate of this article we read "Notice publiee a l'occasion de la reproduction par la phototypie du seul exemplaire connu de la susdite mappemonde conserve par la Societe de geographie d'Amerique, a New-York, reproduction due a la sollicitude eclairee et genereuse de cette meme societe." "Seul exemplaire connu" is not correct. A fine example of the original 1538 edition may be found in the New York Public Library.

In addition to the reproduction prepared by The American Geographical Society a fine facsimile may be found in Nordenskiold. Facsimile Atlas. pl. XLIII; also by Lafrere about 1560.

A comparison with the Orontius Finaeus double cordiform map of the year 1531 is interesting. It has been stated that Mercator copied the work of Finaeus. The projections appear to be practically identical, but it will be noted that Mercator represents the New World as independent of the Old World, whereas Finaeus represents the Asiatic connection.

Fiorini, M. Le projezioni cordiformi nella cartografia.

Rome, 1889. (In: Boll. della Societa Geografica Italiana.

Roma, 1889.)

[267] See p. 76.

[268] Heyer, A. Drei Mercatorkarten in der Breslauer Stadtbibliothek. (In: Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Geographie. Weimar, 1890. pp. 379-389; 474-487; 507-528.); Drei Karten von Gerhard Mercator, Europa, Britische Inseln, Weltkarte. Facsimile-Lichtdruck nach den Originalen der Stadtbibliothek zu Breslau. Herausgegeben von der Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin. 41 Tafeln. Berlin, 1891. With t.i.tle "Europae descriptio."

The map of Europe in six sheets, four of which were engraved at Louvain and two at Duisbourg, was dedicated to Antoine Perrenot, Bishop of Arras, and published at Duisbourg in the year 1554. The only original example now known is that belonging to the Breslau Library.

[269] This map with t.i.tle "Britannicarum insularum descriptio" was published at Duisbourg in the year 1564.

Reproduction of the only known original example noted in n.

71.

[270] This was prepared with great care and offered in person by Mercator to Duke Charles of Lorraine at Nancy.

Apparently no original copy is in existence.

[271] Raemdonck. Orbis Imago; Breusing, A. Das Verebnen der Kugeloberflache. Bremen, 1893. pp. 31-48; Steinhauser, A.

Stabius redivivus, eine Reliquie aus dem 16 Jahrhundert.

(In: Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Geographie. Wien, 1885. pp. 289-291.); D'Avezac, M. A. P. de. Coup d'oeil historique sur la projection des cartes de geographie.

Paris, 1875. (In: Bulletin de la Societe de Geographie de Paris. Paris, 1865. Tom. V.); Wright, E. The correction of certain errors in navigation. London, 1599.

There may be found numerous references to the principle underlying the Mercator projection. See in addition to above references Wagner, op. cit.; Zondervand, op. cit.; Hall, op.

cit., each with noted citations.

This map, with t.i.tle "Nova et aucta orbis terrae descriptio ad usum navigantium emendate accommodata," was dedicated to Duke William of Cleves, and was published at Duisbourg in the year 1569. Original copies may be found in the Bibliotheque Nationale, and in the Stadtbibliothek of Breslau, the former reproduced by Jomard, the latter as noted in n. 71. A long inscription on the map explains the principle of the new projection and its use for navigation.

[272] Raemdonck, J. van. Les spheres terrestre et celeste de Gerard Mercator (1541-1551). Notice publiee a l'occasion de la reproduction de ces spheres a l'aide de facsimile de leurs fuseaux origineaux, graves par Mercator et conserves a la Bibliotheque Royale a Bruxelles. St. Nicolas, 1875; Fiorini M. Globi di Gerardo Mercatore in Italia. Rome, 1890.

(In: Bollitino della Societe Geografica Italiana. Roma, 1890.); Breusing. Gerhard Kremer, p. 9. Gerard Mercator, p. 9.

This author writes: "Auch seine mechanischen Arbeiten hatten bei den Mannern der Wissenschaft eine so gunstige Aufnahme gefunden, da.s.s er dadurch ermutigt wurde, sich an ein grosseres Werk, einen Erdglobus, zu machen, den er nach anderthalbjahriger Arbeit im Jahre 1541 vollendete und dem kaiserlichen Geheimrate und Reichssiegelbewahrer Granvella widmete. Und wenn Ruscelli uns erzahle, er habe mit Staunen einen herrlichen Globus von drei und halben Palme im Durchmesser betrachten mussen, der von deutscher Arbeit und Granvella gewidmet gewesen sei und an Schonheit der Zeichnung und Schrift alles fruher Geleistete ubertreffe, so ist wohl kaum ein Zweifel, da.s.s dies der fragliche Globus Mercators gewesen ist. Ich will hier gleich hinzufugen, da.s.s im ganzen XVI Jahrhundert, wenn von ausgezeichneten Globen die Rede ist, diejenigen Mercators immer als die besten genannt werden."