[319] F. Fawcett, Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, i. 533-5.

[320] "Gazetteer of the Madura District," 1906, i. 87.

[321] "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 73.

[322] L. K. Anantha Krishna Iyer, "The Cochin Tribes and Castes,"

1909, i. 99.

[323] F. Fawcett, Madras Museum Bull., 1901, iii., No. 3, 247.

[324] M. J. Walhouse, "Ind. Ant." 1881, x. 364.

[325] "Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life," 1901, 70-1.

[326] "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 205.

[327] H. J. Stokes, "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 355-6.

[328] L. K. Anantha Krishna Iyer, "The Cochin Tribes and Castes,"

1909, i. 167.

[329] "Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam District," 1907, i. 73.

[330] "Ind. Ant.," 1876, v. 358.

[331] Trial by Ordeal, see my "Ethnographic Notes in Southern India,"

1907, 407-32.

[332] "Gazetteer of the G.o.davari District," 1907, i. 64.

[333] Madras Christ. Coll. Mag., 1887-8, v. 355.

[334] At times of census, the Konda Doras have returned themselves as Pandava kulam, or Pandava caste.

[335] "Manual of the Cuddapah District," 1875, 290-1.

[336] Some Pandarams are managers of Siva temples.

[337] "A Madura Missionary, John Eddy Chandler: a Sketch of his Life," Boston.

[338] A. C. Haddon, "Magic and Fetishism" (Religions ancient and modern), 1906, 40.

[339] For much of the note on Kaniyans I am indebted to Mr N. Subramani Iyer.

[340] "Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar,"

translation, Hakluyt Society, 1866, 139.

[341] "Journey through Mysore Canara, and Malabar," 1807, ii. 528.

[342] "Malabar," 1887, i. 140-1.

[343] The Kaniyan, when wanted in his professional capacity, presents himself with triple ash marks of Siva on his chest, arms, and forehead.

[344] "Gazetteer of Malabar," 1908, i. 130.

[345] C. Gopalan Nair, Malabar Series, "Wynad, its People and Traditions," 1911, 70-1.

[346] Madras Museum Bull., 1901, iii., No. 3, 273-4.

[347] "Birds of India," 1877, i. 216-7.

[348] The Dusserah or Dasara is also known as Sarasvati puja or Ayudha puja (worship of weapons or tools). See p. 174.

[349] Madras Weekly Mail, 8th August, 1907.

[350] "History of Railway Thieves," 1904.

[351] The Koravas are professional burglars.

[352] "Madras Census Report," 1901, part i. 164.

[353] "Gazetteer of the Tanjore District," 1906, i. 69.

[354] "Our Tour in Southern India," 1883, 162-3.

[355] "Sketches of Field Sports Followed by the Natives of India,"

1822.

[356] The note was originally published in Madras Museum Bull., 1906, v., No. 2, 98-105.

[357] The Cherumars are field labourers, who were formerly agrestic slaves, and, like other servile cla.s.ses, possess special privileges on special occasions.

[358] The tulsi plant is the most sacred plant of the Hindus, by whom it is grown in pots, or in brick or earthen pillars (brindavanam) hollowed out at the top, in which earth is deposited. It is watered and worshipped daily.

[359] The sacred conch or chank sh.e.l.l is used as a musical instrument in processions, and during religious services at Hindu temples.

[360] "Ind. Ant," 1873, iii. 191.

[361] The name Black Town was changed to George Town, to commemorate the visit of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales to Madras in 1906.

[362] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1874, iv. 371.

[363] Buffalo races, see my "Castes and Tribes of Southern India,"

1909, i. 157-62.

[364] "A Singular Aboriginal Race of the Nilagiris," 1832, 76.

[365] "Ind. Ant." 1879, viii. 34.