53. Eveline Lubbers, "Counterstrategies Against Online Activism," Eveline Lubbers, "Counterstrategies Against Online Activism," Telepolis Telepolis, 22 September 1998.

54. That figure, provided by McSpotlight, is a tally of every "hit" and therefore includes repeat visitors. That figure, provided by McSpotlight, is a tally of every "hit" and therefore includes repeat visitors.

55. Personal interview. Personal interview.

56. Lubbers, "Counterstrategies Against Online Activism.' Lubbers, "Counterstrategies Against Online Activism.'

57. John Vidal, "Modem Warfare," John Vidal, "Modem Warfare," Guardian Guardian, 13 January 1999.

Chapter Seventeen: Local Foreign Policy.

1. Personal interview. Personal interview.

2. G. Kramer, "Suu Kyi Urges U.S. Boycott," a.s.sociated Press, 27 January 1997. G. Kramer, "Suu Kyi Urges U.S. Boycott," a.s.sociated Press, 27 January 1997.

3. Farhan Haq, "Burma-Finance: Oil company digs in heels despite Rangoon's record," Inter Press Service, 4 February 1997. Farhan Haq, "Burma-Finance: Oil company digs in heels despite Rangoon's record," Inter Press Service, 4 February 1997.

4. "Pepsi, Burma, Take 2: Pepsi Responds to Aims of Target Audience," Dow Jones News Service, 27 January 1997. "Pepsi, Burma, Take 2: Pepsi Responds to Aims of Target Audience," Dow Jones News Service, 27 January 1997.

5. Free Burma Coalition Web site. Free Burma Coalition Web site.

6. "NUS Withdraws from McDonald's 'Privilege Card' Scheme," McLibel Support Campaign press release, 14 April 1998. "NUS Withdraws from McDonald's 'Privilege Card' Scheme," McLibel Support Campaign press release, 14 April 1998.

7. "Nike Campaign Strategy, Part 1," "Nike Campaign Strategy, Part 1," Labor Alerts Labor Alerts, 14 January 1998.

8. "Reports on Nike Demos," "Reports on Nike Demos," Labor Alerts Labor Alerts, 21 April 1998.

9. Verena Dobnik, "Anti-Sweatshop Protesters March up Fifth Avenue," a.s.sociated Press, 6 March 1999. Verena Dobnik, "Anti-Sweatshop Protesters March up Fifth Avenue," a.s.sociated Press, 6 March 1999.

10. Feit, "Stepping on Nike's Toes." Feit, "Stepping on Nike's Toes."

11. "Was Your School's Cap Made in This Sweatshop? A UNITE Report on Campus Caps Made by BJ&B in the Dominican Republic," released 13 April 1998. "Was Your School's Cap Made in This Sweatshop? A UNITE Report on Campus Caps Made by BJ&B in the Dominican Republic," released 13 April 1998.

12. "Dominican Republic Workers Urge University of Illinois to Demand Humane Factory Conditions," "Dominican Republic Workers Urge University of Illinois to Demand Humane Factory Conditions," Daily Illini Daily Illini, 24 April 1998.

13. Steven Greenhouse, "Duke to Adopt a Code to Prevent Apparel from Being Made in Sweatshops," Steven Greenhouse, "Duke to Adopt a Code to Prevent Apparel from Being Made in Sweatshops," New York Times New York Times, 8 March 1998.

14. Steven Greenhouse, "Activism Surges at Campuses Nationwide, and Labor Is at Issue," Steven Greenhouse, "Activism Surges at Campuses Nationwide, and Labor Is at Issue," New York Times New York Times, 29 March 1999.

15. Ibid. Ibid.

16. "An Open Letter to the Students," by Charles Kernaghan, undated. "An Open Letter to the Students," by Charles Kernaghan, undated.

17. William Cahn, William Cahn, Lawrence 1912: The Bread & Roses Strike Lawrence 1912: The Bread & Roses Strike (New York: The Pilgrim Press, 1977), 174. (New York: The Pilgrim Press, 1977), 174.

18. Reagan administration trade representative Clayton Yeutter said, "Resort to unilateral sanctions has become almost a fad." Quoted by Harry Dunphy, "States Dictate Own Foreign Policy," a.s.sociated Press, 13 April 1998. Reagan administration trade representative Clayton Yeutter said, "Resort to unilateral sanctions has become almost a fad." Quoted by Harry Dunphy, "States Dictate Own Foreign Policy," a.s.sociated Press, 13 April 1998.

19. "Struggle over States," "Struggle over States," Journal of Commerce Journal of Commerce, 4 August 1998.

20. Lucille Renwick, "Teens' Efforts Give Soccer b.a.l.l.s the Boot," Lucille Renwick, "Teens' Efforts Give Soccer b.a.l.l.s the Boot," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, 23 December 1996.

21. Simon Billenness, "Investing for a Better World," 15 April 1998, published by Franklin Research & Development Corporation. Simon Billenness, "Investing for a Better World," 15 April 1998, published by Franklin Research & Development Corporation.

22. Elaine Herscher, "Berkeley Running Out of Gas," Elaine Herscher, "Berkeley Running Out of Gas," San Francisco Chronicle San Francisco Chronicle, Al.

23. Robert Greenberger, "State and Local Sanctions Trouble U.S. Trade Partners," Robert Greenberger, "State and Local Sanctions Trouble U.S. Trade Partners," Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal, 1 April 1998.

24. Craig Forcese, Craig Forcese, Putting Conscience into Commerce: Strategies for Making Human Rights Business as Usual Putting Conscience into Commerce: Strategies for Making Human Rights Business as Usual (Montreal: International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, 1997), 75. (Montreal: International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, 1997), 75.

25. Ken Silverstein, "So You Want to Trade with a Dictator," Ken Silverstein, "So You Want to Trade with a Dictator," Mother Jones Mother Jones, May 1998.

26. "E.U. Raps U.S. on Trade Barriers," "E.U. Raps U.S. on Trade Barriers," European Report European Report, 11, 28 December 1998.

27. "Test Case Filed Contesting Validity of State and Local Sanctions Laws," 30 April 1998. ICFTU press release. "Test Case Filed Contesting Validity of State and Local Sanctions Laws," 30 April 1998. ICFTU press release.

28. "Judge Says Law Is Unconst.i.tutional," a.s.sociated Press, 5 November 1998. "Judge Says Law Is Unconst.i.tutional," a.s.sociated Press, 5 November 1998.

29. "Test Case Filed Contesting Validity of State and Local Sanctions Laws," 30 April 1998. ICFTU press release. "Test Case Filed Contesting Validity of State and Local Sanctions Laws," 30 April 1998. ICFTU press release.

30. Charles Oliver, "What Do You Do When a City Enacts Its Own Foreign Policy?" Charles Oliver, "What Do You Do When a City Enacts Its Own Foreign Policy?" Investor's Business Daily Investor's Business Daily, 19 August 1997.

31. Silverstein, "So You Want to Trade with a Dictator." Silverstein, "So You Want to Trade with a Dictator."

32. Statement made by Simon Billenness in 10 July 1998 "Ma.s.sachusetts Burma Law Case Update." Statement made by Simon Billenness in 10 July 1998 "Ma.s.sachusetts Burma Law Case Update."

33. Sh.e.l.l Canada Products v. Vancouver (City) Sh.e.l.l Canada Products v. Vancouver (City) [1994] 1 S.C.R. 231, 110 D.L.R. (4th) 1, 163 N.R. 81. [1994] 1 S.C.R. 231, 110 D.L.R. (4th) 1, 163 N.R. 81.

34. Comments made by councilor Barbara Perrault. "NV City takes a swing at Sh.e.l.l," Comments made by councilor Barbara Perrault. "NV City takes a swing at Sh.e.l.l," North Sh.o.r.e News North Sh.o.r.e News, 21 March 1997, 3.

35. "ERA's Environmental Testimonies #5," published by Environmental Rights Action/Friends of the Earth Nigeria, 10 July 1998. "ERA's Environmental Testimonies #5," published by Environmental Rights Action/Friends of the Earth Nigeria, 10 July 1998.

36. Danielle Knight, "Oil Giant Had Role in Killing," International Press Service, 2 October 1998, and personal interview with Mike Libbey, 4 June 1999. Danielle Knight, "Oil Giant Had Role in Killing," International Press Service, 2 October 1998, and personal interview with Mike Libbey, 4 June 1999.

37. "Chevron, oil communities fail to agree on compensation," "Chevron, oil communities fail to agree on compensation," Punch Punch (Lagos), 16 July 1998, 9. (Lagos), 16 July 1998, 9.

Chapter Eighteen: Beyond the Brand.

1. Greider, Greider, One World, Ready or Not One World, Ready or Not, 497.

2. "Nike and Free Trade Failures: An a.n.a.lysis by Campaign for Labor Rights," "Nike and Free Trade Failures: An a.n.a.lysis by Campaign for Labor Rights," Labor Alerts Labor Alerts, 14 July 1998.

3. "Starbucks Criticized on Coffee-Workers Promise," "Starbucks Criticized on Coffee-Workers Promise," Seattle Post-Intelligencer Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 6 March 1997.

4. Ortega, Ortega, In Sam We Trust In Sam We Trust, 317.

5. William J. Holstein, "Casting Nike as the Bad Guy," William J. Holstein, "Casting Nike as the Bad Guy," U.S. News and World Report U.S. News and World Report, 22 September 1997, 49.

6. Gerard Greenfield, "The Impact of TNC Subcontracting on Workers in Asia: Strategy Report-Part 2." Unpublished. Gerard Greenfield, "The Impact of TNC Subcontracting on Workers in Asia: Strategy Report-Part 2." Unpublished.

7. Ortega, Ortega, In Sam We Trust In Sam We Trust, xv.

8. Personal interview. Personal interview.

9. "Heineken Bows to Pressure and Withdraws from Burma," Reuters, 10 July 1996. "Heineken Bows to Pressure and Withdraws from Burma," Reuters, 10 July 1996.

10. "U.S. Oil Company Vows to Remain in Thai-Burmese Pipeline Project," Deutsche Press-Agentur, 17 June 1997. "U.S. Oil Company Vows to Remain in Thai-Burmese Pipeline Project," Deutsche Press-Agentur, 17 June 1997.

11. Gordon Laird, "Speak No Evil," Gordon Laird, "Speak No Evil," This Magazine This Magazine, March/April 1998, 1825.

12. Letter from Tokiro Kawamura, president, Daishowa-Marubeni International, to Bernard Ominayak, Chief of the Lubicon Lake Indian Nation, 20 May 1998. Letter from Tokiro Kawamura, president, Daishowa-Marubeni International, to Bernard Ominayak, Chief of the Lubicon Lake Indian Nation, 20 May 1998.

13. Personal interview. Personal interview.

14. "M&S Bows to Shoppers' Fears and Orders Ban on Frankenfoods," "M&S Bows to Shoppers' Fears and Orders Ban on Frankenfoods," Daily Mail Daily Mail, 16 March 1999.

15. Greenfield, unpublished strategy report. Greenfield, unpublished strategy report.

16. Alan L. Rolnick, "Muzzling the Offsh.o.r.e Watchdogs," Alan L. Rolnick, "Muzzling the Offsh.o.r.e Watchdogs," Bobbin Bobbin, February 1997, 71.

17. Sh.e.l.l advertis.e.m.e.nt, Sh.e.l.l advertis.e.m.e.nt, Business Week Business Week, 5 April 1999.

18. "Profit, Profit, Profit: An Act of Commitment," statement released by UK Oil Overthrow a.s.sociation, 21 April 1999. "Profit, Profit, Profit: An Act of Commitment," statement released by UK Oil Overthrow a.s.sociation, 21 April 1999.

19. Alinsky, Alinsky, Rules for Radicals Rules for Radicals, 152.

20. "A China Business Code," "A China Business Code," Labor Alerts Labor Alerts, 5 June 1999.

21. "Business-Humanitarian Forum Holds First Meeting," Business Humanitarian Forum press release, 27 January 1999. "Business-Humanitarian Forum Holds First Meeting," Business Humanitarian Forum press release, 27 January 1999.

22. Debora L. Spar, "The Spotlight on the Bottom Line," Debora L. Spar, "The Spotlight on the Bottom Line," Foreign Affairs Foreign Affairs, 13 March 1998.

23. "Nike, Reebok Compete to Set Labor Rights Pace," "Nike, Reebok Compete to Set Labor Rights Pace," Labor Alerts Labor Alerts, 25 March 1999.

24. Journal of Commerce Journal of Commerce, 17 April 1997.

Conclusion: Consumerism Versus Citizenship 1. Guy de Jobquieres, "Network guerrillas," Guy de Jobquieres, "Network guerrillas," Financial Times Financial Times, 30 April 1998.

Reading List Aaker, David A. Building Strong Brands Building Strong Brands. New York: The Free Press, 1996.

Barlow, Maude and Heather-jane Robertson. Cla.s.s Warfare: The a.s.sault on Canada's Schools Cla.s.s Warfare: The a.s.sault on Canada's Schools. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 1994.

Barnet, Richard J., and John Cavanagh. Global Dreams: Imperial Corporations and the New World Order Global Dreams: Imperial Corporations and the New World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.

Bey, Hakim. T.A.Z.: Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism T.A.Z.: Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism. Brooklyn: Autonomedia, 1985.

Cahn, William. Lawrence, 1912: The Bread & Roses Strike Lawrence, 1912: The Bread & Roses Strike. New York: The Pilgrim Press, 1977.

Chapkis, Wendy, and Cynthia Enloe, eds. Of Common Cloth: Women in the Global Textile Industry Of Common Cloth: Women in the Global Textile Industry. Amsterdam: Transnational Inst.i.tute, 1983.

Clarke, Tony. Silent Coup: Confronting the Big Business Takeover of Canada Silent Coup: Confronting the Big Business Takeover of Canada. Ottawa: The Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives and James Lorimer & Company, 1997.

Danaher, Kevin, ed. Corporations Are Gonna Get Your Mama: Globalization and the Downsizing of the American Dream Corporations Are Gonna Get Your Mama: Globalization and the Downsizing of the American Dream. Monroe: Common Courage Press, 1996.

Debord, Guy. The Society of the Spectacle The Society of the Spectacle. Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith. New York: Zone Books, 1994.

Dobbin, Murray. The Myth of the Good Corporate Citizen: Democracy Under the Rule of Big Business The Myth of the Good Corporate Citizen: Democracy Under the Rule of Big Business. Toronto: Stoddart, 1999.

Ewen, Stuart. Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976.

Frank, Thomas. The Conquest of Cool The Conquest of Cool. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1997.

Goldman, Robert and Stephen Papson. Sign Wars: The Cluttered Landscape of Advertising Sign Wars: The Cluttered Landscape of Advertising. New York: The Guilford Press, 1996.

Greider, William. One World, Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism One World, Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997.

Hargrove, Buzz. Labour of Love: The Fight to Create a More Humane Canada Labour of Love: The Fight to Create a More Humane Canada. Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross, 1998.

Herman, Edward S., and Robert W. McChesney. The Global Media: The New Missionaries of Global Capitalism The Global Media: The New Missionaries of Global Capitalism. London: Ca.s.sell, 1997.

Herman, Edward S. Triumph of the Market: Essays on Economics, Politics, and the Media Triumph of the Market: Essays on Economics, Politics, and the Media. Boston: South End Press, 1995.

Karliner, Joshua. The Corporate Planet: Ecology and Politics in the Age of Globalization The Corporate Planet: Ecology and Politics in the Age of Globalization. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1997.

Katz, Donald. Just Do It: The Nike Spirit in the Corporate World Just Do It: The Nike Spirit in the Corporate World. Holbrook: Adams Media Corporation, 1994.

Korten, David C. When Corporations Rule the World When Corporations Rule the World. West Hartford: k.u.marian Press and Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 1995.

Kunstler, James Howard. The Geography of Nowhere: The Rise and Decline of America's Man-Made Landscape The Geography of Nowhere: The Rise and Decline of America's Man-Made Landscape. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993.

Kuttner, Robert. Everything for Sale: The Virtues and Limits of Markets Everything for Sale: The Virtues and Limits of Markets. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997.

Mander, Jerry, and Edward Goldsmith, eds. The Case Against the Global Economy The Case Against the Global Economy. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1996.

McKay, George, ed. DiY Culture: Party & Protest in Nineties Britain DiY Culture: Party & Protest in Nineties Britain. London: Verso, 1998.