19. The American Booksellers a.s.sociation and twenty-six independent bookstores filed a suit in March 1998 against Borders and Barnes & n.o.ble charging that the two largest players in U.S. bookselling used their size to extract "secret and illegal" deals from publishers, making it difficult for independent book retailers to compete. At the time of writing, the case was still pending in California court. (The ABA is the source of bookstore numbers by year.) The American Booksellers a.s.sociation and twenty-six independent bookstores filed a suit in March 1998 against Borders and Barnes & n.o.ble charging that the two largest players in U.S. bookselling used their size to extract "secret and illegal" deals from publishers, making it difficult for independent book retailers to compete. At the time of writing, the case was still pending in California court. (The ABA is the source of bookstore numbers by year.) 20. Globe and Mail Globe and Mail, 21 November 1997.

21. Vancouver Sun Vancouver Sun, 10 December 1996, C7.

22. Forbes Forbes, 17 October 1994.

23. Myers, Myers, Adbashing Adbashing, 253.

24. Thomas Ferraro, UPI, 10 November 1983. Thomas Ferraro, UPI, 10 November 1983.

25. Ibid. Ibid.

26. Peter Szekely, Reuters, 12 July 1985. Peter Szekely, Reuters, 12 July 1985.

27. New York Times New York Times, 14 November 1993, 21.

28. Andrew L. Shapiro, "Memo to Chairman Bill," Andrew L. Shapiro, "Memo to Chairman Bill," Nation Nation, 10 November 1997.

Chapter Eight: Corporate Censorship.

1. Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal, 22 October 1997, A1.

2. New York Times New York Times, 12 November 1996.

3. Billboard Billboard, 2 October 1993.

4. Globe and Mail Globe and Mail, 7 January 1998, C2.

5. "Guardian Angels," "Guardian Angels," New Yorker New Yorker, 25 November 1996, 47.

6. Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal, 22 October 1997, A1.

7. Sacramento Bee Sacramento Bee, 10 December 1997, E1.

8. Gail Shister, Knight Ridder Newspapers, 20 October 1998. Gail Shister, Knight Ridder Newspapers, 20 October 1998.

9. "Fresh Air," National Public Radio, 29 September 1998. "Fresh Air," National Public Radio, 29 September 1998.

10. Lawrie Mifflin, "ABC News Reporter Discovers the Limits of Investigating Disney," Lawrie Mifflin, "ABC News Reporter Discovers the Limits of Investigating Disney," New York Times New York Times, 19 October 1998.

11. Jennet Conant, "Don't Mess with Steve Brill," Jennet Conant, "Don't Mess with Steve Brill," Vanity Fair Vanity Fair, August 1997, 6274.

12. "'Controls Eased' Over Journalists and Artists; Deng Provides New Freedoms for Media," "'Controls Eased' Over Journalists and Artists; Deng Provides New Freedoms for Media," South China Morning Post South China Morning Post, 30 September 1992, 1.

13. Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal, 5 March 1998. The statements were made on 20 January 1998 at a gathering of Freedom Forum, a media foundation.

14. j.a.pan Economic Newswire, 22 October 1993. j.a.pan Economic Newswire, 22 October 1993.

15. Seth Faison, "Dalai Lama Movie Imperils Disney's Future in China," Seth Faison, "Dalai Lama Movie Imperils Disney's Future in China," New York Times New York Times, 26 November 1996.

16. "Gere's 'Corner' on Saving Tibet," "Gere's 'Corner' on Saving Tibet," San Francisco Chronicle San Francisco Chronicle, 26 October 1997.

17. Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal, 3 November 1997.

18. Constance L. Hays, "Math Book Salted with Brand Names Raises New Alarm," Constance L. Hays, "Math Book Salted with Brand Names Raises New Alarm," New York Times New York Times, 21 March 1999.

19. Grant McCracken, Grant McCracken, Culture and Consumption: New Approaches to the Symbolic Character of Consumer Goods and Activities Culture and Consumption: New Approaches to the Symbolic Character of Consumer Goods and Activities (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988). (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988).

20. Susan Fournier, "The Consumer and the Brand: An Understanding within the Framework of Personal Relationships," Harvard Business School, Division of Research, working paper, September 1996, 64. Susan Fournier, "The Consumer and the Brand: An Understanding within the Framework of Personal Relationships," Harvard Business School, Division of Research, working paper, September 1996, 64.

21. Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, 17 September 1997, E2.

22. Sydney Morning Herald Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March 1998.

23. David Gans, "The Man Who Stole Michael Jackson's Face," David Gans, "The Man Who Stole Michael Jackson's Face," Wired Wired, February 1995.

24. Eileen Fitzpatrick, "Lawsuit Doesn't Sink Aqua 'Barbie Girl' Driving Alb.u.m Sales," Eileen Fitzpatrick, "Lawsuit Doesn't Sink Aqua 'Barbie Girl' Driving Alb.u.m Sales," Billboard Billboard, 27 September 1997.

25. Joan H. Murphy, "Mattel-Where Security Isn't Child's Play," Joan H. Murphy, "Mattel-Where Security Isn't Child's Play," Security Management Security Management, January 1990, 39.

26. Chuck Taylor, "Danish Breakout Group Aqua Toys with U.S. Pop Success with Its 'Barbie Girl,'" Chuck Taylor, "Danish Breakout Group Aqua Toys with U.S. Pop Success with Its 'Barbie Girl,'" Billboard Billboard, 30 August 1997.

27. Vancouver Sun Vancouver Sun, 10 December 1996, C7.

28. Barnes & n.o.ble Booksellers, background paper. Supplied by company. Barnes & n.o.ble Booksellers, background paper. Supplied by company.

29. Michael Moore, "Banned by Borders," Michael Moore, "Banned by Borders," Nation Nation, 20 November 1996.

30. Amy Harmon, "As America Online Grows, Charges That Big Brother Is Watching," Amy Harmon, "As America Online Grows, Charges That Big Brother Is Watching," New York Times New York Times, 31 January 1999, A1.

31. Ibid. Ibid.

32. Ibid. Ibid.

33. Noam Chomsky, "Market Democracy in a Neoliberal Order," Davie Lecture, University of Cape Town, May 1997, reprinted in Noam Chomsky, "Market Democracy in a Neoliberal Order," Davie Lecture, University of Cape Town, May 1997, reprinted in Z Magazine Z Magazine, September 1997, 4046.

34. Excerpts from "Corporatism and Plutocracy," speech given at Harvard University, date unknown. Excerpts from "Corporatism and Plutocracy," speech given at Harvard University, date unknown.

35. James Christie, "Bailey Satellites Do Damage Control," James Christie, "Bailey Satellites Do Damage Control," Globe and Mail Globe and Mail, 17 July 1996.

36. Michael Walker, "Scally? Not Me, says Fowler," Michael Walker, "Scally? Not Me, says Fowler," Guardian Guardian, 19 April 1997.

37. Nick Harris, "Footballer Falls Foul of the Rules," Nick Harris, "Footballer Falls Foul of the Rules," Independent Independent, 22 March 1997.

38. a.s.sociated Press, 23 April 1997, quotation comes from Jill Krutick, an entertainment a.n.a.lyst at Smith Barney. a.s.sociated Press, 23 April 1997, quotation comes from Jill Krutick, an entertainment a.n.a.lyst at Smith Barney.

39. John Lippman, "G.o.dzilla Opening Weekend Receipts Disappoint Despite Big Ad Campaign," John Lippman, "G.o.dzilla Opening Weekend Receipts Disappoint Despite Big Ad Campaign," Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal, 26 May 1998.

40. Peters, Peters, The Circle of Innovation The Circle of Innovation, 349.

41. "MTV Man Warns about Branding," "MTV Man Warns about Branding," Globe and Mail Globe and Mail, 19 June 1998.

42. "Nike's Problems Don't Seem to Be Short Term to Investors," "Nike's Problems Don't Seem to Be Short Term to Investors," New York Times New York Times, 26 February 1998.

43. Globe and Mail Globe and Mail, 8 May 1999.

Chapter Nine: The Discarded Factory.

1. Landor Web site. Landor Web site.

2. "People Buy Products Not Brands," by Peter Schweitzer (J. Walter Thompson White Papers series, undated). "People Buy Products Not Brands," by Peter Schweitzer (J. Walter Thompson White Papers series, undated).

3. "Big Brand Firms Know the Name Is Everything," "Big Brand Firms Know the Name Is Everything," Irish Times Irish Times, 27 February 1998.

4. Ortega, Ortega, In Sam We Trust In Sam We Trust, 342.

5. "Trade and Development Report, 1997," United Nations Conference on Trade and Economic Development. "Trade and Development Report, 1997," United Nations Conference on Trade and Economic Development.

6. Katz, Katz, Just Do It Just Do It, 204.

7. Cathy Majtenyi, "Were Disney Dogs Treated Better Than Workers?" Cathy Majtenyi, "Were Disney Dogs Treated Better Than Workers?" Catholic Register Catholic Register, 2330 December 1996, 9.

8. "Extreme Spreadsheet Dude," "Extreme Spreadsheet Dude," Baffler Baffler no. 9, 79, and no. 9, 79, and Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal, 16 April 1998 (on-line).

9. John Gilardi, "Adidas Share Offer Set to Win Gold Medal," Reuters, 26 October 1995. John Gilardi, "Adidas Share Offer Set to Win Gold Medal," Reuters, 26 October 1995.

10. Globe and Mail Globe and Mail, 26 September 1997.

11. Charles Kernaghan, "Behind the Label: 'Made in China,'" prepared for the National Labor Committee, March 1998. Charles Kernaghan, "Behind the Label: 'Made in China,'" prepared for the National Labor Committee, March 1998.

12. Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, 16 September 1997, D5. Furthermore, Sara Lee's investors had been getting a solid return on their investment but the stock "had gained 25 percent over the prior 12 months, lagging the 35 percent increase of the benchmark Standard & Poor's 500-stock index."

13. Peters, Peters, The Circle of Innovation The Circle of Innovation, 16.

14. David Leonhardt, "Sara Lee: Playing with the Recipe," David Leonhardt, "Sara Lee: Playing with the Recipe," Business Week Business Week, 27 April 1998, 114.

15. Ibid. Ibid.

16. Jennifer Waters, "After Euphoria, Can Sara Lee Be Like Nike?" Jennifer Waters, "After Euphoria, Can Sara Lee Be Like Nike?" Crain's Chicago Business Crain's Chicago Business, 22 September 1997, 3.

17. Nina Munk, "How Levi's Trashed a Great American Brand," Nina Munk, "How Levi's Trashed a Great American Brand," Fortune Fortune, 12 April 1999, 83.

18. "Levi Strauss & Co. to Close 11 of Its North American Plants," Business Wire, 22 February 1999, B1. "Levi Strauss & Co. to Close 11 of Its North American Plants," Business Wire, 22 February 1999, B1.

19. Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal, 4 November 1997, B1.

20. Joanna Ramey, "Levi's Will Resume Production in China After 5-Year Absence," Joanna Ramey, "Levi's Will Resume Production in China After 5-Year Absence," Women's Wear Daily Women's Wear Daily, 9 April 1998, 1.

21. "Anti-Sweatshop Activists Score in Campaign Targeting Athletic Retailers," "Anti-Sweatshop Activists Score in Campaign Targeting Athletic Retailers," Boston Globe Boston Globe, 18 April 1999.

22. Richard S. Thoman, Richard S. Thoman, Free Ports and Foreign Trade Zones Free Ports and Foreign Trade Zones (Cambridge: Cornell Maritime Press, 1956). (Cambridge: Cornell Maritime Press, 1956).

23. These are International Labor Organization figures as of May 1998 but in "Behind the Label: 'Made in China,'" by Charles Kernaghan, March 1998, the figures on China's zone are much higher. Kernaghan estimates that there are 30 million inside the zones, and that there are 400-as opposed to 124-special economic zones inside China. These are International Labor Organization figures as of May 1998 but in "Behind the Label: 'Made in China,'" by Charles Kernaghan, March 1998, the figures on China's zone are much higher. Kernaghan estimates that there are 30 million inside the zones, and that there are 400-as opposed to 124-special economic zones inside China.

24. The International Labor Organization's Special Action Program on Export Processing Zones. Source: Auret Van Heerden. The International Labor Organization's Special Action Program on Export Processing Zones. Source: Auret Van Heerden.

25. This estimate was provided by Michael Finger at the World Trade Organization in a personal correspondence. No official figures are available. This estimate was provided by Michael Finger at the World Trade Organization in a personal correspondence. No official figures are available.

26. Figures for 1985 and 1995 provided by the WTO. Figures for 1997 supplied by the Maquila Solidarity Network/Labor Behind the Label Coalition, Toronto. Figures for 1985 and 1995 provided by the WTO. Figures for 1997 supplied by the Maquila Solidarity Network/Labor Behind the Label Coalition, Toronto.

27. World Accounting Report World Accounting Report, July 1992.

28. Saskia Sa.s.sen, Saskia Sa.s.sen, Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 89. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 89.

29. "Castro Dampens WTO Party," "Castro Dampens WTO Party," Globe and Mail Globe and Mail, 20 May 1998.

30. Martin Cottingham, "Cut to the Bone," Martin Cottingham, "Cut to the Bone," New Statesman & Society New Statesman & Society, 12 March 1993, 12.

31. Personal interview, 2 September 1997. Personal interview, 2 September 1997.

32. The Workers' a.s.sistance Center, Rosario. The Workers' a.s.sistance Center, Rosario.

33. "Globalization Changes the Face of Textile, Clothing and Footwear Industries," International Labor Organization press release, 28 October 1996. "Globalization Changes the Face of Textile, Clothing and Footwear Industries," International Labor Organization press release, 28 October 1996.

34. "Working Conditions in Sports Shoe Factories in China Making Shoes for Nike and Reebok," by Asia Monitor Resource Centre and Hong Kong Christian Industrial Committee, September 1997. "Working Conditions in Sports Shoe Factories in China Making Shoes for Nike and Reebok," by Asia Monitor Resource Centre and Hong Kong Christian Industrial Committee, September 1997.

35. Personal interview, 1 September 1997. Personal interview, 1 September 1997.

36. "Behind the Wire: Anti-Union Repression in the Export Processing Zones," a report by the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. "Behind the Wire: Anti-Union Repression in the Export Processing Zones," a report by the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions.

37. Steven Greenhouse, Steven Greenhouse, New York Times New York Times, 29 February 1999.

38. Suzanne Goldenberg, "Colombo St.i.tch-Up," Suzanne Goldenberg, "Colombo St.i.tch-Up," Guardian Guardian, 7 November 1997.

39. Cottingham, "Cut to the Bone," 12. Cottingham, "Cut to the Bone," 12.

40. Goldenberg, "Colombo St.i.tch-Up." Goldenberg, "Colombo St.i.tch-Up."