[977] _Anthropos_, VII. 1912, pp. 247, 248.

[978] N. W. Thomas, "The Disposal of the Dead in Australia," _Folklore_, XIX. 1908.

[979] A. R. Brown, MS.

[980] _Federal Handbook, British a.s.sociation for the Advancement of Science_, 1914, p. 76.

[981] A. C. Haddon, "The Outrigger Canoes of Torres Straits and North Queensland," _Essays and Studies Presented to W. Ridgeway_, 1913, p.

621, and W. H. R. Rivers, "The Contact of Peoples," in the same volume, p. 479.

[982] _Man_, No. 32, 1910.

[983] _The Family among the Australian Aborigines_, 1913.

[984] G. C. Wheeler, _The Tribe, and intertribal relations in Australia_, 1910, p. 163.

[985] A. R. Brown, "Marriage and Descent in North Australia," _Man_, No.

32, 1910.

[986] W. Baldwin Spencer, _loc. cit._ p. 50.

[987] W. Baldwin Spencer, _loc. cit._ p. 44.

[988] _The Family among the Australian Aborigines_, 1913, p. 304.

[989] MS.

[990] A. R. Brown, "Three Tribes of Western Australia," _Journ. Roy.

Anthr. Inst._ XLIII. 1913.

[991] A. W. Howitt, _The Native Tribes of South-east Australia_, 1904, p. 311.

[992] W. Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen, _The Native Tribes of Central Australia_, 1899, Chap. VI., and _The Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, 1904, Chap. IX.

[993] _The Native Tribes of South-east Australia_, 1904, p. 500.

[994] _The Euahlayi Tribe_, 1905.

[995] Presidential Address (Section H) Brit. a.s.s. York, 1906.

[996] A. H. Keane, Art. "Australasia," in Hastings' _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_, 1909, p. 244.

[997] _The Natives of Australia_, 1906, Chap. XIII. Religion.

[998] E. B. Tylor, _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ XXI. p. 292; A. Lang, _Magic and Religion_, p. 25; _Myth, Ritual and Religion_, Chap. XII.; K.

Langloh Parker, _The Euahlayi Tribe_, 1905, Chap. II.; M. F. v.

Leonhardi, _Anthropos_, IV. 1909, p. 1065, and many others.

[999] The following should be consulted:

Original memoirs: C. Strehlow, _Die Aranda- und Loritza-Stamme in Zentral-Australien_, 1907; W. E. Roth, _Ethnological Studies among the north-west-central Queensland Aborigines_, 1897; _North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletins_ 1-8, 1901-6, and _Bulletins_ 9-18; _Records of the Australian Museum_, VI.-VIII. Sydney, 1890-1910.

Compilations and discussions: E. Durkheim, _The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life: a Study in Religious Sociology_ (translated by J. W. Swain), a very suggestive study based on Australian custom and belief; J. G. Frazer, _Exogamy and Totemism_, I. 1910; _The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead_, I. pp.

67-169, 1913.

CHAPTER XIII

THE CAUCASIC PEOPLES

General Considerations--Const.i.tuent Elements--Past and Present Range--Cradle-land: Africa north of Sudan--Quaternary "Sahara"--Early European and Mauretanian types--The _Guanches_, Types and Affinities--Origin of the European Brachycephals-- Summary of Orthodox View--Linguistic Evidence--The _Basques_-- The _Iberians_--The _Ligurians_ in Rhineland and Italy.

Sicilian Origins--_Sicani_; _Siculi_--_Sard_ and _Corsican_ Origins--Ethnological Relations in Italy--Sergi's Mediterranean Domain--Range of the Mediterraneans--The _Pelasgians_-- Theory of pre-h.e.l.lenic Pelasgians--Pelasgians and Mykenean civilisation--Aegean Culture--Other Views--Range of the Hamites in Africa--The Eastern Hamites--The Western "Moors"--General Hamitic Type--Foreign Elements in Mauretania--Arab and Berber Contrasts-- The _Tibus_--The Egyptian Hamites--Origins--Theory of Asiatic Origins--Proto-Egyptian type--Armenoid type--Asiatic influence on Egyptian Culture--Negroid mixture--The _Fulah_--Other Eastern Hamites--_Bejas_--_Somals_--Somal Genealogies--The _Galla_--The _Masai_.

CONSPECTUS.

#Present Range.# _All the extra-tropical habitable lands, except Chinese empire, j.a.pan, and the Arctic zone; intertropical America, Arabia, India, and Indonesia; sporadically everywhere._

_Three main types_:--1. _Southern dolichocephals_, #Mediterranean#; 2.

_Northern Dolichocephals_, #Nordic#; 3. _Brachycephals_, #Alpine#.

#Hair#: 1. _Very dark brown or black, wiry, curly or ringletty._ 2.

_Very light brown, flaxen, or red, rather long, straight or wavy, smooth and glossy._ 3. _Light chestnut or reddish brown, wavy, rather short and dull. All oval in section; beard of all full, bushy, straight, or wavy, often lighter than hair of head, sometimes very long._ #Colour#: 1.

_Very variable--white, light olive, all shades of brown and even blackish (Eastern Hamites and others)._ 2. _Florid._ 3. _Pale white, swarthy or very light brown._ #Skull#: _1 and 2 long (72 to 79); 3 round (85 to 87 and upwards); all orthognathous_. _Cheek-bone of all small, never projecting laterally, sometimes rather high (some Berbers and Scotch)._ #Nose#, _mostly large, narrow, straight, arched or hooked, sometimes rather broad, heavy, concave and short_. #Eyes#: 1. _Black or deep brown, but also blue._ 2. _Mainly blue. 3. Brown, hazel-grey and black._

#Stature#: 1. _Under-sized (mean 1.630 m. 5 ft. 4 in.), but variable (some Hamites, Hindus, and others medium or tall)._ 2. _Tall (mean 1.728 m. 5 ft. 8 or 9 in.)._ 3. _Medium (mean 5 ft. 6 in.), but also very tall (Indonesians 1.750 m. to 1.830 m. 5 ft. 9 to 6 ft.)._ #Lips#, _mostly rather full and well-shaped, but sometimes thin, or upper lip very long (many Irish), and under lip pendulous (many Jews)_. #Arms#, _rather short as compared with Negro_. #Legs#, _shapely, with calves usually well developed_. #Feet#: _1 and 3 small with high instep_; _2 rather large_.

#Temperament#: 1 and 3. _Brilliant, quick-witted, excitable and impulsive; sociable and courteous, but fickle, untrustworthy, and even treacherous (Iberian, South Italian); often atrociously cruel (many Slavs, Persians, Semites, Indonesians and even South Europeans); aesthetic sense highly, ethic slightly developed. All brave, imaginative, musical, and richly endowed intellectually._ 2. _Earnest, energetic, and enterprising; steadfast, solid, and stolid; outwardly reserved, thoughtful, and deeply religious; humane, firm, but not normally cruel._

#Speech#, _mostly of the inflecting order with strong tendency towards a.n.a.lytical forms_; _very few stock languages (Aryan, Ibero-Hamito-Semitic), except in the Caucasus, where stock languages of highly agglutinating types are numerous, and in Indonesia, where one agglutinating stock language prevails_.

#Religion#, _mainly Monotheistic, with or without priesthood and sacrifice (Jewish, Christian, Muhammadan)_; _polytheistic and animistic in parts of Caucasus, India, Indonesia, and Africa_. _Gross superst.i.tions still prevalent in many places._

#Culture#, _generally high--all arts, industries, science, philosophy and letters in a flourishing state now almost everywhere except in Africa and Indonesia, and still progressive_. _In some regions civilisation dates from an early period (Egypt, South Arabia, Babylonia; the Minoan, h.e.l.lenic, Hitt.i.te, and Italic cultures). Indonesians and many Hamites still rude, with primitive usages, few arts, no science or letters, and cannibalism prevalent in some places (Gallaland)._

#Mediterranean type#: _most Iberians, Corsicans, Sards, Sicilians, Italians_; _some Greeks_; _Berbers and other Hamites_; _Arabs and other Semites_; _some Hindus_; _Dravidians, Todas, Ainus, Indonesians, some Polynesians_.

#Nordic type#: _Scandinavians, North-west Germans, Dutch, Flemings, most English, Scotch, some Irish, Anglo-Americans, Anglo-Australasians, English and Dutch of S. Africa_; _Thrako-h.e.l.lenes, true Kurds, most West Persians, Afghans, Dards and Siah-post Kafirs_.

#Alpine type#: _most French, South Germans, Swiss and Tyrolese_; _Russians, Poles, Chekhs, Yugo-Slavs_; _some Albanians and Rumanians_; _Armenians, Tajiks (East Persians), Galchas_.

It is a remarkable fact that the Caucasic division of the human family, of which nearly all students of the subject are members, with which we are in any case, so to say, on the most intimate terms, and with the const.i.tuent elements of which we might consequently be supposed to be best acquainted, is the most debatable field in the whole range of anthropological studies. Why this should be so is not at first sight quite apparent, though the phenomenon may perhaps be partly explained by the consideration that the component parts are really of a more complex character, and thus present more intricate problems for solution, than those of any other division. But to some extent this would also seem to be one of those cases in which we fail to see the wood for the trees. To put it plainly, few will venture to deny that the inherent difficulties of the subject have in recent times been rather increased than diminished by the bold and often mutually destructive theories, and, in some instances one might add, the really wild speculations put forward in the earnest desire to remove the endless obscurities in which the more fundamental questions are undoubtedly still involved. Controversial matter which seemed thrashed out has been reopened, several fresh factors have been brought into play, and the warfare connected with such burning topics as Aryan origins, Ibero-Pelasgic relations, European round-heads and long-heads, has acquired renewed intensity amid the rival theories of eminent champions of new ideas.

The question is not made any simpler by the frequent attacks that have been directed from more than one quarter against the long-established Caucasic terminology, and well-supported objections are raised to the use of such time-honoured names as "Hamitic," "Semitic," and even "Caucasic" itself. But no really satisfactory subst.i.tute for "Caucasic"