581 "we fairly captured it": CW, 8:393.

582 for "another": Wayne C. Temple and Justin G. Turner, "Lincoln's 'Castine': Noah Brooks,' LH 73 (Fall 1971): 173; Noah Brooks, Washington in Lincoln's Time (New York: Century Co., 1895), pp. 252255.

582 "gladness of heart": Unless otherwise identified, all quotations in the following paragraphs are from CW, 8:399405.

582 "against all opposition": Chambrun, Impressions of Lincoln, p. 93.

583 as if herding sheep: Gideon Welles, "Lincoln and Johnson," Galaxy 13 (Apr. 1872): 526.

583 "'unbeknown' to him": Sherman, Memoirs, 2:326327.

583 and economic equality: Historians who argue that Lincoln favored universal suffrage often cite a letter that he purportedly wrote to James S. Wadsworth in January 1864, announcing that he supported both universal amnesty and universal suffrage and pledging that reconstruction "must rest upon the principle of civil and political equality of both races." CW, 7:101102. Ludwell H. Johnston, "Lincoln and Equal Rights: The Authenticity of the Wadsworth Letter," Journal of Southern History 32 (Feb. 1966): 8387, convincingly demonstrates that this letter is spurious. Harold M. Hyman, "Lincoln and Equal Rights for Negroes: The Irrelevancy of the 'Wadsworth Letter,' " Civil War History 12 (Sept. 1966): 258266, argues that, regardless of the authenticity of the Wadsworth letter, Lincoln was moving in the direction of equal rights. Ludwell H. Johnson, "Lincoln and Equal Rights: A Reply," Civil War History 13 (Mar. 1967): 6673, responds that Hyman's argument is "sheer conjecture."

583 American social fabric: Benjamin F. Butler's reminiscence that Lincoln as late as 1865 continued to favor colonization of Negroes, especially those who had fought in the Union army, has been discredited. See Mark E. Neely, Jr., "Abraham Lincoln and Black Colonization: Benjamin Butlers Spurious Testimony," Civil War History 25 (Mar. 1979): 7783.

583 blacks and whites: Lincoln's limited concern for the rights of African-Americans led Lerone Bennett, Jr., to label him a racist. "Was Abe Lincoln a White Supremacist?" Ebony 23 (Feb. 1968): 3542. For more balanced discussions, see George M. Fredrickson, "A Man but Not a Brother: Abraham Lincoln and Racial Equality," Journal of Southern History 41 (Feb. 1975): 3958, and Don E. Fehrenbacher, "Only His Stepchildren," in Lincoln in Text and Context (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1987), pp. 95112.

584 to other states: Michael Les Benedict, A Compromise of Principle: Congressional Republicans and Reconstruction, 18631869 (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1974), pp. 9899, first suggested this conclusion to me.

584 "strive to prevent": Welles, Diary, 2:279280.

584 "through the swamp": Paul M. Angle, ed., "The Recollections of William Pitt Kellogg," ALQ 3 (Sept. 1945): 333.

584 so used again: Donald, Sumner, p. 215.

584 "rights of citizenship": New York Times, Apr. 11, 1865.

584 "regard to complexion": S. P. Chase to AL, Apr. 11, 1865, Lincoln MSS, LC.

585 John Wilkes Booth: Francis Wilson, John Wilkes Booth: Fact and Fiction of Lincoln's a.s.sa.s.sination (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1929), is still the best biography. There are insightful portraits of Booth in Robert J. Donovan, The a.s.sa.s.sins (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1955), chaps. 910, and in Franklin L. Ford, Political Murder: From Tyrannicide to Terrorism (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Harvard University Press, 1985), chap. 15. Stanley Kimmel, The Mad Booths of Maryland (rev. ed.; New York: Dover Publications, 1969), offers much biographical information on John Wilkes Booth and his family, though it exaggerates the theme of madness. Eleanor Ruggles, Prince of Players: Edwin Booth (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1953), is the standard biography of John Wilkes Booth's older brother.

585 "touch of mystery": Donovan, The a.s.sa.s.sins, p. 231.

586 and his joyousness: W. J. Ferguson, I Saw Booth Shoot Lincoln (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1930), p. 13.

586 "for the black man": Wilson, John Wilkes Booth, p. 51.

586 "wait no longer": Unt.i.tled Booth ma.n.u.script, Dec. 1860, in Robert Giroux, "The J.W.B. Ma.n.u.script, Or, The Mind of the Man Who Shot Lincoln" (unpublished paper, 1992).

586 "are for the South": Furtw.a.n.gler, a.s.sa.s.sin on Stage, p. 62.

586 "and bought armies": Ibid., p. 66.

586 "for kingly succession": Ibid., p. 67.

586 Confederate secret service: Tidwell, Hall, and Gaddy's Come Retribution: The Confederate Secret Service and the a.s.sa.s.sination of Lincoln convincingly demonstrates that Booth was in touch with Confederate agents, both in the United States and Canada, and that his plan to kidnap Lincoln was strikingly similar to other schemes that the Confederate secret service had under consideration. It does not prove-and, indeed, it does not attempt to prove-that Booth was a Confederate agent or that his plots to kidnap, and later to kill, Lincoln were authorized by the Confederacy.

587 team in Washington: For sketches of all the members of the plot, see Theodore Roscoe, The Web of Conspiracy: The Complete Story of the Men Who Murdered Abraham Lincoln (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1959), chap. 3.