509 a financial crisis: Francis Fessenden, Life and Public Services of William Pitt Fessenden (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1907), 1:315323.

509 "by your a.s.sociates": Ibid., 1:323.

509 "have such wishes": CW, 7:423.

509 critical of the President: Belz, Reconstructing the Union, chap. 8, offers an admirable history of the Wade-Davis bill, which I have followed closely. Quotations not otherwise identified are drawn from Belz's account.

510 "out of place": Henry Winter Davis to Samuel F. Du Pont, July 7 or 8,1864, Du Pont MSS, Hagley Museum, Eleutherian Mills Historical Library, Wilmington, Del.

510 "to prevent it": Chase, Diary, pp. 232233.

511 "fixed within myself": John Hay's detailed account of Lincoln's failure to sign the Wade-Davis bill is in Hay, Diary, pp. 205206. The inference that Lincoln was angry is my own.

511 decided to do so: CW, 7:433434.

512 "I had designed": Catton, Grant Takes Command, pp. 276277.

513 "confines of Richmond": See the good summary of press opinion in James Ford Rhodes, History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 (New York: Macmillan Co., 1907), 4:465466.

513 "of human blood": Horace Greeley to AL, July 7, 1864, Lincoln MSS, LC.

513 "life is dreadful": Isaac N. Arnold, The Life of Abraham Lincoln (3rd ed.; Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Co., 1885), p. 375.

513 "butchering business lately": CW, 7:111.

514 "all about me?": Louis A. Warren, Lincoln's Youth: Indiana Years, Seven to Twenty-one (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959), p. 225.

514 "a technical Christian": WHH, interview with Mary Todd Lincoln, Sept. 5, 1866, HWC.

514 "and better man": Joshua F. Speed, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln and Notes of a Visit to California (Louisville, Ky.: John P. Morton & Co., 1884), pp. 3233.

514 "given to man": CW, 7:542.

514 some Higher Power: William J. Wolf, The Almost Chosen People: A Study of the Religion of Abraham Lincoln (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1959), is the best study of Lincoln's religious views. There is some good material in Edgar DeWitt Jones, Lincoln and the Preachers (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948). Especially valuable is the chapter "G.o.d's Man," in Lincoln the President: Last Full Measure (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1955), by J. G. Randall and Richard N. Current.

514 "can claim it": CW, 7:281282.

515 "mortal could stay": CW, 7:535.

515 "in the field": CW, 7:332, 334, 384.

515 "seventy-five thousand men?": Rhodes, History of the United States, 4:467.

515 "head of an army": Randall, Mary Lincoln, p. 253.

515 "[off] right away": Catton, Grant Takes Command, p. 305.

516 "bloodshed as possible": Horace Porter, Campaigning with Grant (New York: Century Co., 1897), pp. 216223. Porter's unfortunate attempts to recapture African-American dialect have been silently corrected.