323 "at a time": Randall, Lincoln the President, 2:41.

323 "gall and wormwood": Chase, Diary, p. 54.

323 "the right one". F. W. Seward, Seward at Washington... 18611872, pp. 2526.

324 "this great emergency": Horace White, The Life of Lyman Trumbull (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1913), p. 171.

324 through investigating committees: The following pages draw heavily on Allan G. Bogue's original and admirable study, The Congressman's Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), chap. 3.

324 "her d.a.m.nable airs": Murat Halstead to Timothy C. Day, June 8, 1861, copy in Carl Sandburg MSS, Illinois Historical Survey, Urbana.

324 replied "Tres poo": John Bigelow, Diary, July 9, 1861, MS, New York Public Library.

325 drop the investigation: See the excellent summary in Bogue, Congressman's Civil War, pp. 6971. The myth that Lincoln appeared before either this committee or the Committee on the Conduct of the War to defend Mary Lincoln has been exploded. Mark E. Neely, Jr., "Abraham Lincoln Did NOT Defend His Wife Before the Committee on the Conduct of the War," LL, no. 1643 (Jan. 1975).

325 "the worst scandal": John Henry Woodward, "A Narrative of the Family and Civil War Experiences and Events of His Life," ed. Frederick Woodward Hopkins (typescript, Library of Congress, 1919), p. 14.

325 "advising general plans": Nicolay, Lincoln's Secretary, p. 125.

325 "as war minister": Gustave Koerner to Lyman Trumbull, July 24, 1861, Trumbull MSS, LC.

325 "is a thief": John P. Cranford to AL, Aug. 10, 1861, Lincoln MSS, LC.

325 should be removed: O. H. Browning to AL, Aug. 19, 1861, Lincoln MSS, LC.

325 needed to borrow: George M. Davis to AL, Aug. 24, 1861, Lincoln MSS, LC.

325 "settled de novo": Schuyler Colfax to Simon Cameron, Sept. 24, 1861, Cameron MSS, LC.

325 the Buchanan administration: B. W. Bush to Joseph Holt, Nov. 23, 1861, Holt MSS, LC.

326 "against the rebels": A. Howard Meneely, The War Department, 1861: A Study in Mobilization and Administration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1928), p. 348.

326 "to public trust": Randall, Lincoln the President, 2:5556, is especially good on the firing of Cameron.

326 "in the country": Bogue, Congressman's Civil War, p. 106.

326 "least equally responsible": CW, 5:241243.

327 played lesser roles: T. Harry Williams, "The Committee on the Conduct of the War: An Experiment in Civilian Control," in The Selected Essays of T. Harry Williams (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1983), pp. 1530, takes a hostile view. For other, more favorable appraisals see Brian Holden Reid, "Historians and the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 18611865," Civil War History 38 (Dec. 1992): 319341. The personnel of the committee changed slightly over the next four years, but Wade and Chandler remained firmly in control. Williams, Lincoln and the Radicals, p. 65.

327 harmony was maintained: Detroit Post and Tribune, Zachariah Chandler: An Outline Sketch of His Life and Public Services (Detroit: Post and Tribune Co., Publishers, 1880), pp. 217218.

327 "perfectly good mood": CW, 5:88.

327 "our own people": CW, 5:35.

CHAPTER TWELVE: THE BOTTOM IS OUT OF THE TUB