42. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 4243; Van Deusen, 4243; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 12; Baxter, 12; Baxter, Clay the Lawyer, Clay the Lawyer, 17; Francis Taliaferro Brooke, 17; Francis Taliaferro Brooke, A Family Narrative A Family Narrative (New York: New York Times, 1971), 38; License to Practice Law, (New York: New York Times, 1971), 38; License to Practice Law, HCP HCP 1:23. 1:23.

43. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 44; La RochefoucauldLiancourt, 44; La RochefoucauldLiancourt, Travels, Travels, 76; Van Deusen, 76; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 15; Baxter, 15; Baxter, Clay the Lawyer, Clay the Lawyer, 1819. 1819.

CHAPTER TWO.

"My Hopes Were More than Realized"

1. Peterson, Peterson, Great Triumvirate, Great Triumvirate, 10; Mayo, 10; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 60; Neal O. Hammon, "Pioneer Routes in Central Kentucky," 60; Neal O. Hammon, "Pioneer Routes in Central Kentucky," Filson Club History Quarterly Filson Club History Quarterly 74 (2000): 143; Theodore G. Gronert, "Trade in the Blue-Grass Region, 18101820," 74 (2000): 143; Theodore G. Gronert, "Trade in the Blue-Grass Region, 18101820," Mississippi Valley Historical Review Mississippi Valley Historical Review 5 (December 1981): 314a; Spratt to Bullitt, n.d., Bullitt Family Papers. 5 (December 1981): 314a; Spratt to Bullitt, n.d., Bullitt Family Papers.

2. Moses Austin, "A Memorandum of M. Austin's Journey from the Lead Mines in the County of Wythe in the State of Virginia to the Lead Mines in the Province of Louisiana West of the Mississippi, 17961797," edited by George P. Garrison, Moses Austin, "A Memorandum of M. Austin's Journey from the Lead Mines in the County of Wythe in the State of Virginia to the Lead Mines in the Province of Louisiana West of the Mississippi, 17961797," edited by George P. Garrison, American Historical Review American Historical Review 5 (April 1900): 52425. 5 (April 1900): 52425.

3. Stephen Aron, Stephen Aron, How the West Was Lost: The Transformation of Kentucky from Daniel Boone to Henry Clay How the West Was Lost: The Transformation of Kentucky from Daniel Boone to Henry Clay (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 6, 6164; Steven A. Channing, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 6, 6164; Steven A. Channing, Kentucky: A Bicentennial History Kentucky: A Bicentennial History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), 20, 27. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), 20, 27.

4. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 49. 49.

5. Thomas Perkins Abernethy, Thomas Perkins Abernethy, Three Virginia Frontiers Three Virginia Frontiers (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1940; reprint edition, Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1962), 6465; Channing, (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1940; reprint edition, Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1962), 6465; Channing, Kentucky, Kentucky, 4447; Robert D. Mitchell, editor, 4447; Robert D. Mitchell, editor, Appalachian Frontiers: Settlement, Society, and Development in the Pre-Industrial Era Appalachian Frontiers: Settlement, Society, and Development in the Pre-Industrial Era (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1991), 24142; Craig Thompson Friend, "Merchants and Markethouses: Reflections on Moral Economy in Early Kentucky," (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1991), 24142; Craig Thompson Friend, "Merchants and Markethouses: Reflections on Moral Economy in Early Kentucky," Journal of the Early Republic Journal of the Early Republic 17 (Winter 1997): 556. 17 (Winter 1997): 556.

6. John W. Watkins was the son of Henry Clay's cousin John Watkins (his stepfather Henry's brother) and his aunt Mary Hudson Watkins. Watkins was among several family members who moved to New Orleans in the early nineteenth century and became one of that city's first American mayors. Mayo, John W. Watkins was the son of Henry Clay's cousin John Watkins (his stepfather Henry's brother) and his aunt Mary Hudson Watkins. Watkins was among several family members who moved to New Orleans in the early nineteenth century and became one of that city's first American mayors. Mayo, Clay, Clay, 186. 186.

7. Smith and Clay, Smith and Clay, Clay Family, Clay Family, 26. 26.

8. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 60; Ranck, 60; Ranck, Lexington, Lexington, 141; Melish, 141; Melish, Travels, Travels, 400; Smith and Clay, 400; Smith and Clay, Clay Family, Clay Family, 23; William Edward Railey, 23; William Edward Railey, History of Woodford County History of Woodford County (Versailles, KY: Woodford Improvement League, 1968), 54, 184; Clay to Robert Wickliffe, May 24, 1828, (Versailles, KY: Woodford Improvement League, 1968), 54, 184; Clay to Robert Wickliffe, May 24, 1828, HCP HCP 7:298. 7:298.

9. Craig Thompson Friend, Craig Thompson Friend, Along the Maysville Road: The Early American Republic in the Trans-Appalachian West Along the Maysville Road: The Early American Republic in the Trans-Appalachian West (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2005), 55; Ranck, (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2005), 55; Ranck, Lexington, Lexington, 219; Francois Michaux, 219; Francois Michaux, Travels to the West of the Allegheny Mountains in the States of Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, in the Year 1802 Travels to the West of the Allegheny Mountains in the States of Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, in the Year 1802 (London: R. Phillips, 1805), 5657; Melish, (London: R. Phillips, 1805), 5657; Melish, Travels, Travels, 400. 400.

10. Ranck, Ranck, Lexington, Lexington, 188, 19495, 202; Mayo, 188, 19495, 202; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 59; Richard C. Wade, 59; Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 17901830 The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 17901830 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959), 143; Humphrey Marshall, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959), 143; Humphrey Marshall, History of Kentucky, Exhibiting an Account of the Modern Discovery, Settlement; Progressive Improvement; Civil and Military Transactions; and the Present State of the Country, History of Kentucky, Exhibiting an Account of the Modern Discovery, Settlement; Progressive Improvement; Civil and Military Transactions; and the Present State of the Country, 2 volumes (Frankfort, KY: G. S. Robinson, 1824), 1:356; Clay and Oberholtzer, 2 volumes (Frankfort, KY: G. S. Robinson, 1824), 1:356; Clay and Oberholtzer, Clay, Clay, 2223. 2223.

11. F. Garvin Davenport, F. Garvin Davenport, Ante-Bellum Kentucky: A Social History, 18001860 Ante-Bellum Kentucky: A Social History, 18001860 (Oxford, OH: Mississippi Valley Press, 1943), 195; William Henry Perrin, (Oxford, OH: Mississippi Valley Press, 1943), 195; William Henry Perrin, The Pioneer Press of Kentucky, from the Printing of the First Paper West of the Alleghenies The Pioneer Press of Kentucky, from the Printing of the First Paper West of the Alleghenies (Louisville, KY: J. P. Morton, 1892), 914; Richard Miller Hadsell, "John Bradford and His Contributions to the Culture and the Life of Early Lexington," (Louisville, KY: J. P. Morton, 1892), 914; Richard Miller Hadsell, "John Bradford and His Contributions to the Culture and the Life of Early Lexington," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 62 (October 1964): 268; Mayo, 62 (October 1964): 268; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 59. 59.

12. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 61; Remini, 61; Remini, Clay, Clay, 19; Ranck, 19; Ranck, Lexington, Lexington, 206. 206.

13. Colton, Colton, Clay, Clay, 1:78; Remini, 1:78; Remini, Clay, Clay, 19; Mayo, 19; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 61. 61.

14. E. L. Hawes, "Nicholas Family," E. L. Hawes, "Nicholas Family," William and Mary Quarterly Historical Magazine William and Mary Quarterly Historical Magazine 16 (January 1936): 103; Mayo, 16 (January 1936): 103; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 61, 63, 9293; Ranck, 61, 63, 9293; Ranck, Lexington, Lexington, 151; William Henry Perrin, 151; William Henry Perrin, History of Fayette County, Kentucky, with an Outline Sketch of the Blue Grass Region by Robert Peter, M.D. History of Fayette County, Kentucky, with an Outline Sketch of the Blue Grass Region by Robert Peter, M.D. (Chicago: O. L. Baskin, 1882), 339; Remini, (Chicago: O. L. Baskin, 1882), 339; Remini, Clay, Clay, 18; Baxter, 18; Baxter, Clay the Lawyer, Clay the Lawyer, 2. 2.

15. Colton, Colton, Clay, Clay, 1:30. 1:30.

16. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 88, 10910; Aron, 88, 10910; Aron, Daniel Boone to Henry Clay, Daniel Boone to Henry Clay, 82; Baxter, 82; Baxter, Clay the Lawyer, Clay the Lawyer, 21, 3233, 35; Legal Document, Papers of Thomas P. Hughes, UVA; Lowell H. Harrison, 21, 3233, 35; Legal Document, Papers of Thomas P. Hughes, UVA; Lowell H. Harrison, John Breckinridge: Jeffersonian Republican John Breckinridge: Jeffersonian Republican (Louisville, KY: Filson Club, 1969), 67. (Louisville, KY: Filson Club, 1969), 67.

17. Harrison, Harrison, Breckinridge, Breckinridge, 67. 67.

18. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 61. 61.

19. Retainer, July 3, 1799, Henry Clay Legal Documents, Filson; Mayo, Retainer, July 3, 1799, Henry Clay Legal Documents, Filson; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 88; Clay to Taylor, November 1, 1799, Clay to Taylor, September 28, 1801, 88; Clay to Taylor, November 1, 1799, Clay to Taylor, September 28, 1801, HCP HCP 11:1, 4; Baxter, 11:1, 4; Baxter, Clay the Lawyer, Clay the Lawyer, 21. 21.

20. Sargent, Sargent, Clay, Clay, 4. 4.

21. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 9899; Baxter, 9899; Baxter, Clay the Lawyer, Clay the Lawyer, 24; Sargent, 24; Sargent, Clay, Clay, 45. 45.

22. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 103. 103.

23. Peterson, Peterson, Great Triumvirate, Great Triumvirate, 11; Mayo, 11; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 102. 102.

24. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 108. 108.

25. Abernethy, Abernethy, Three Virginia Frontiers, Three Virginia Frontiers, 86; 86; HCP HCP 1:8n. 1:8n.

26. Abernethy, Abernethy, Three Virginia Frontiers, Three Virginia Frontiers, 71, 83, 85; Peterson, 71, 83, 85; Peterson, Great Triumvirate, Great Triumvirate, 12; Hadsell, "John Bradford," 268. 12; Hadsell, "John Bradford," 268.

27. Lowell H. Harrison, Lowell H. Harrison, The Antislavery Movement in Kentucky The Antislavery Movement in Kentucky (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1978), 1; Mayo, (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1978), 1; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 78. 78.

28. "Scaevola" letter, April 16, 1798, "Scaevola" letter, April 16, 1798, HCP HCP 1:5; Harrington, "Clay and the Classics," 239. 1:5; Harrington, "Clay and the Classics," 239.

29. Jeffrey Brooke Allen, "Were Southern White Critics of Slavery Racists? Kentucky and the Upper South, 17911824," Jeffrey Brooke Allen, "Were Southern White Critics of Slavery Racists? Kentucky and the Upper South, 17911824," Journal of Southern History Journal of Southern History 44 (May 1978): 18788; Abernethy, 44 (May 1978): 18788; Abernethy, Three Virginia Frontiers, Three Virginia Frontiers, 71, 83; Peterson, 71, 83; Peterson, Great Triumvirate, Great Triumvirate, 12; Harrison, 12; Harrison, Breckinridge, Breckinridge, 99; Thomas D. Clark, 99; Thomas D. Clark, A History of Kentucky A History of Kentucky (Lexington, KY: John Bradford Press, 1950), 202. (Lexington, KY: John Bradford Press, 1950), 202.

30. Aron, Aron, Daniel Boone to Henry Clay, Daniel Boone to Henry Clay, 93; "Scaevola" letter, February 1799, 93; "Scaevola" letter, February 1799, HCP, HCP, 1:12; Mann Butler, 1:12; Mann Butler, History of the Commonwealth of Kentucky History of the Commonwealth of Kentucky (Louisville, KY: Wilcox, Dickerman, 1834), 281; Mayo, (Louisville, KY: Wilcox, Dickerman, 1834), 281; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 7678. 7678.

31. Aron, Aron, Daniel Boone to Henry Clay, Daniel Boone to Henry Clay, 93. 93.

32. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 78; Ranck, 78; Ranck, Lexington, Lexington, 219; Abernethy, 219; Abernethy, Three Virginia Frontiers, Three Virginia Frontiers, 87; Peterson, 87; Peterson, Great Triumvirate, Great Triumvirate, 13. Clay's progeny mirrored the fratricidal tragedy that the Civil War became in Kentucky, a state where divided loyalties were especially evident in its most prominent families. Thomas Hart Clay, the second oldest of Henry and Lucretia's sons, never joined the army but was a staunch Union man and supporter of Abraham Lincoln, who appointed him minister to Nicaragua in 1862. Yet Thomas's oldest and youngest sons, Harry and Thomas Jr., became officers in the Confederate army. James Brown Clay, the tenth of Henry and Lucretia's eleven children, also supported the Confederacy and was briefly imprisoned for treason. After James's release, Braxton Bragg appointed him a colonel, but following the Confederate defeat at Perryville, James fled to Cuba and then to Montreal, where he died in January 1864 of tuberculosis. James's oldest son, James Jr., fought for the Confederacy at Chickamauga but was with his father in Canada when he died. Returning to active duty, James Jr. earned the distinction of figuring in the final hours of the Confederate War Department, which accepted his resignation as its last official act in 1865. 13. Clay's progeny mirrored the fratricidal tragedy that the Civil War became in Kentucky, a state where divided loyalties were especially evident in its most prominent families. Thomas Hart Clay, the second oldest of Henry and Lucretia's sons, never joined the army but was a staunch Union man and supporter of Abraham Lincoln, who appointed him minister to Nicaragua in 1862. Yet Thomas's oldest and youngest sons, Harry and Thomas Jr., became officers in the Confederate army. James Brown Clay, the tenth of Henry and Lucretia's eleven children, also supported the Confederacy and was briefly imprisoned for treason. After James's release, Braxton Bragg appointed him a colonel, but following the Confederate defeat at Perryville, James fled to Cuba and then to Montreal, where he died in January 1864 of tuberculosis. James's oldest son, James Jr., fought for the Confederacy at Chickamauga but was with his father in Canada when he died. Returning to active duty, James Jr. earned the distinction of figuring in the final hours of the Confederate War Department, which accepted his resignation as its last official act in 1865.

Henry Clay III, the eldest son of Henry Clay, Jr., joined the Union army at the start of the war, fought at Shiloh, and shortly after died of typhoid fever on June 5, 1862. The youngest of Henry Jr.'s children, Tommy, became a Confederate officer and was captured at Fort Donelson. Exchanged in August 1862, he returned to active service but died, ironically of typhoid fever just as his brother had, in October 1863. Tommy was twenty-three.Andrew Eugene Erwin (Eugene to the family), the fifth child of James and Anne Clay Erwin, became a lieutenant colonel in the Confederate army and was killed during the siege of Vicksburg in June 1863. Finally, Henry Jr.'s daughter, Anne (Nannie), married Henry Clay McDowell in 1857. McDowell joined the Union army, survived the war, and with Nannie restored Ashland to its prewar stateliness.We are grateful to Eric Brooks, curator of Ashland, the Henry Clay Estate, for this information about Henry Clay's descendants.

33. Harrison, Harrison, Breckinridge, Breckinridge, 74; Mayo, 74; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 73; Clark, 73; Clark, Kentucky, Kentucky, 107; Ethelbert Dudley Warfield, 107; Ethelbert Dudley Warfield, The Kentucky Resolutions The Kentucky Resolutions (New York: Putnam's, 1887), 4243. (New York: Putnam's, 1887), 4243.

34. George T. Blakey, "Rendezvous with Republicanism: John Pope vs. Henry Clay in 1816," George T. Blakey, "Rendezvous with Republicanism: John Pope vs. Henry Clay in 1816," Indiana Magazine of History Indiana Magazine of History 62 (1966): 248; Warfield, 62 (1966): 248; Warfield, Kentucky Resolutions, Kentucky Resolutions, 43; Clark, 43; Clark, Kentucky, Kentucky, 107; Mayo, 107; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 74. 74.

35. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 7576; Ranck, 7576; Ranck, Lexington, Lexington, 216. 216.

36. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 8991; Archibald Henderson, "The Creative Forces in Westward Expansion: Henderson and Boone," 8991; Archibald Henderson, "The Creative Forces in Westward Expansion: Henderson and Boone," American Historical Review American Historical Review 20 (October 1914): 99, 1067; Aron, 20 (October 1914): 99, 1067; Aron, Daniel Boone to Henry Clay, Daniel Boone to Henry Clay, 61; Robert S. Cotterill, 61; Robert S. Cotterill, History of Pioneer Kentucky History of Pioneer Kentucky (Cincinnati: Johnson & Hardin, 1917), 7475; (Cincinnati: Johnson & Hardin, 1917), 7475; HCP HCP 1:1516; Genealogical Records, Todd Family Papers, Filson. 1:1516; Genealogical Records, Todd Family Papers, Filson.

37. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 90. 90.

38. Wade, Wade, Urban Frontier, Urban Frontier, 51; Smith and Clay, 51; Smith and Clay, Clay Family, Clay Family, 127; Peterson, 127; Peterson, Great Triumvirate, Great Triumvirate, 10; Edna Talbott Whitley, "George Beck, An Eighteenth Century Painter," 10; Edna Talbott Whitley, "George Beck, An Eighteenth Century Painter," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, 67 (January 1969): 20; Archibald Henderson, "The Transylvania Company, A Study in Personnel," 67 (January 1969): 20; Archibald Henderson, "The Transylvania Company, A Study in Personnel," Filson Club History Quarterly Filson Club History Quarterly 21 (July 1947): 23436; Mayo, 21 (July 1947): 23436; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 92; Hart Genealogy, Susanna Hart Price Papers, Filson. 92; Hart Genealogy, Susanna Hart Price Papers, Filson.

39. Anya Jabour, Anya Jabour, Marriage in the Early Republic: Elizabeth and William Wirt and the Companionate Ideal Marriage in the Early Republic: Elizabeth and William Wirt and the Companionate Ideal (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 1314; Mayo, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 1314; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 91. 91.

40. Memoir, Clay-Russell Papers, Filson. Memoir, Clay-Russell Papers, Filson.

41. Clay to Mercer, April 5, 1848, Clay to Mercer, April 5, 1848, HCP HCP 10:425. 10:425.

42. Ranck, Ranck, Lexington, Lexington, 152; Memoir, Clay-Russell Papers; Mayo, 152; Memoir, Clay-Russell Papers; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 91. 91.

43. Stephen Mintz and Susan Kellogg, Stephen Mintz and Susan Kellogg, Domestic Revolutions: A Social History of American Family Life Domestic Revolutions: A Social History of American Family Life (New York: Free Press, 1988), 4345; David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, (New York: Free Press, 1988), 4345; David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, Daily Life in the Early American Republic: Creating a New Nation Daily Life in the Early American Republic: Creating a New Nation (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004), 3637; Jabour, (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004), 3637; Jabour, Marriage in the Early Republic, Marriage in the Early Republic, 5. 5.

44. Harrison, Harrison, Breckinridge, Breckinridge, 67; Land Sale Indenture, December 1799, Thomas Hart, Jr., to Thomas Hart, Sr., April 8, 1804, Agreement Between Jones and Hart, March 13, 1806, Thomas Hart Papers, UKY; Mayo, 67; Land Sale Indenture, December 1799, Thomas Hart, Jr., to Thomas Hart, Sr., April 8, 1804, Agreement Between Jones and Hart, March 13, 1806, Thomas Hart Papers, UKY; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 11314. 11314.

45. Peterson, Peterson, Great Triumvirate, Great Triumvirate, 12; Van Deusen, 12; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 30; Mayo, 30; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 11516, 19495. 11516, 19495.

46. Clay to Clay, July 6, 1804, Clay to Breckinridge, January 5, 1806, Clay to Clay, July 6, 1804, Clay to Breckinridge, January 5, 1806, HCP HCP 1:145, 215; Smith and Clay, 1:145, 215; Smith and Clay, Clay Family, Clay Family, 123; Harrison, 123; Harrison, Breckinridge, Breckinridge, 181. During his Lexington years, Porter Clay worked as a furniture maker. Charles G. Talbert, "William Whitley, 17491813," 181. During his Lexington years, Porter Clay worked as a furniture maker. Charles G. Talbert, "William Whitley, 17491813," Filson Club History Quarterly Filson Club History Quarterly 25 (July 1951): 300; Brown to Price, Price Papers. 25 (July 1951): 300; Brown to Price, Price Papers.

47. HCP HCP 1:1516; Gray to Hart, Hart Papers. 1:1516; Gray to Hart, Hart Papers.

48. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 59, 20915; Conditional Pledge to Transylvania University, April 1802, Agreement with Fisher, August 18, 1803, 59, 20915; Conditional Pledge to Transylvania University, April 1802, Agreement with Fisher, August 18, 1803, HCP HCP 1:7778, 114; Baxter, 1:7778, 114; Baxter, Clay the Lawyer, Clay the Lawyer, 33; Representation Agreement, September 7, 1804, Henry Clay Legal Documents. 33; Representation Agreement, September 7, 1804, Henry Clay Legal Documents.

49. Robert Charles Winthrop, Robert Charles Winthrop, Memoir of Henry Clay Memoir of Henry Clay (Cambridge, MA: John Wilson, 1880), 39; Smith and Clay, (Cambridge, MA: John Wilson, 1880), 39; Smith and Clay, Clay Family, Clay Family, 127; Jabour, 127; Jabour, Marriage in the Early Republic, Marriage in the Early Republic, 36. 36.

50. Baxter, Baxter, Clay the Lawyer, Clay the Lawyer, 2225; Mayo, 2225; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 105. 105.

51. Van Deusen, Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 24; Mayo, 24; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 2046. 2046.

52. Peterson, Peterson, Great Triumvirate, Great Triumvirate, 11. 11.

53. Benjamin Perley Poore, Benjamin Perley Poore, Perley's Reminiscences of Sixty Years, Perley's Reminiscences of Sixty Years, 2 volumes (New York: W. A. Houghton, 1886), 1:62. 2 volumes (New York: W. A. Houghton, 1886), 1:62.

54. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 12021; Tavern Bill, May 1803March 1804, 12021; Tavern Bill, May 1803March 1804, HCP HCP 1:13334. 1:13334.

55. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 208. 208.

56. The area had been called Mud Licks when Hart acquired it. He, for obvious reasons, changed the name to Olympian Springs, after a nearby mountain. Hart financed the construction of a hotel and cabins that attracted Kentucky's upper class throughout the summer months. There, they "took the waters" for their health, socialized, played games (the men played a lot of cards, thus attracting to the resort an unsavory element of professional gamblers posing as tourists), and gossiped about their friends and enemies. Clay later acquired the resort from the estate of his father-in-law. The popularity of the Springs increased in 1803 when a weekly stage line was established from Lexington. J. Winston Coleman, Jr., "Old Kentucky Watering Places," The area had been called Mud Licks when Hart acquired it. He, for obvious reasons, changed the name to Olympian Springs, after a nearby mountain. Hart financed the construction of a hotel and cabins that attracted Kentucky's upper class throughout the summer months. There, they "took the waters" for their health, socialized, played games (the men played a lot of cards, thus attracting to the resort an unsavory element of professional gamblers posing as tourists), and gossiped about their friends and enemies. Clay later acquired the resort from the estate of his father-in-law. The popularity of the Springs increased in 1803 when a weekly stage line was established from Lexington. J. Winston Coleman, Jr., "Old Kentucky Watering Places," Filson Club History Quarterly Filson Club History Quarterly 16 (January 1942): 2. 16 (January 1942): 2.

57. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 14849; Clay and Oberholtzer, 14849; Clay and Oberholtzer, Clay, Clay, 37; Butler, 37; Butler, History of Kentucky, History of Kentucky, 308. 308.

58. Timothy Flint, Timothy Flint, Recollections of the Last Ten Years, Passed in Occasional Residences and Journeyings in the Valley of the Mississippi, Recollections of the Last Ten Years, Passed in Occasional Residences and Journeyings in the Valley of the Mississippi, introduction by George F. Berkhofer, Jr. (New York: Johnson Reprint, 1968), 77. introduction by George F. Berkhofer, Jr. (New York: Johnson Reprint, 1968), 77.

59. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 14950. 14950.

60. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 15052; Ranck, 15052; Ranck, Lexington, Lexington, 178. 178.

61. Clay to Breckinridge, November 21, 1803, Clay to Breckinridge, November 21, 1803, HCP HCP 1:122; Mayo, 1:122; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 14243, 15152. 14243, 15152.

62. It was this very provision, originally enacted by Virginia and in force in the part of Virginia that became Kentucky, that confused the circumstances of Andrew and Rachel Jackson's marriage. Rachel only obtained permission from the Virginia legislature to pursue divorce from her husband in the courts. She did not do that, however, before she married Jackson. Because of this, political enemies would later charge that she was a bigamist and he an adulterer. It was this very provision, originally enacted by Virginia and in force in the part of Virginia that became Kentucky, that confused the circumstances of Andrew and Rachel Jackson's marriage. Rachel only obtained permission from the Virginia legislature to pursue divorce from her husband in the courts. She did not do that, however, before she married Jackson. Because of this, political enemies would later charge that she was a bigamist and he an adulterer.

63. Act for Choosing Presidential Electors, December 24, 1803, Clay to Breckinridge, December 30, 1803, Act for Choosing Presidential Electors, December 24, 1803, Clay to Breckinridge, December 30, 1803, HCP HCP 1:12325; Mayo, 1:12325; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 15253. 15253.

64. Clay (Scaevola) to Daveiss, January 1803, Clay (Scaevola) to Daveiss, January 1803, HCP HCP 1:9395; Mayo, 1:9395; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 15354. 15354.

65. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 9697. 9697.

66. Friend, "Merchants and Markethouses," 570; Ranck, Friend, "Merchants and Markethouses," 570; Ranck, Lexington, Lexington, 222; Mayo, 222; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 15860. 15860.

67. Joseph Howard Parks, Joseph Howard Parks, Felix Grundy, Champion of Democracy Felix Grundy, Champion of Democracy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1940), 2427; Mayo, (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1940), 2427; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 160. 160.

68. John Marshall's 1819 decision in the Dartmouth College case affirmed the Constitution's protection of contracts. John Marshall's 1819 decision in the Dartmouth College case affirmed the Constitution's protection of contracts.

69. Brown to Clay, March 12, 1805, Brown to Clay, March 12, 1805, HCP HCP 1:180. 1:180.

70. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 16466. 16466.

71. Parks, Parks, Grundy, Grundy, 2021. 2021.

72. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 16768, 17072; Parks, 16768, 17072; Parks, Grundy, Grundy, 26. 26.

73. Aron, Aron, From Daniel Boone to Henry Clay, From Daniel Boone to Henry Clay, 15863; Mayo, 15863; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 17475. 17475.

74. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 175. The biblical imagery was drawn in part from Deuteronomy and Revelation. 175. The biblical imagery was drawn in part from Deuteronomy and Revelation.

75. Brown to Clay, February 27, 1806, Brown to Clay, February 27, 1806, HCP HCP 1:221. 1:221.

76. Alfred Leland Crabb, "Some Early Connections Between Kentucky and Tennessee," Alfred Leland Crabb, "Some Early Connections Between Kentucky and Tennessee," Filson Club History Quarterly Filson Club History Quarterly 13 (July 1939): 148. 13 (July 1939): 148.

77. Randall Strahan et al., "The Clay Speakership Revisited," Randall Strahan et al., "The Clay Speakership Revisited," Polity Polity 32 (2000): 567; Baxter, 32 (2000): 567; Baxter, Clay the Lawyer, Clay the Lawyer, 33; Mayo, 33; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 18081. 18081.

78. Amendments to Bill Providing Tax on Billiard Tables, November 27, 1804, Amendments to Bill Providing Tax on Billiard Tables, November 27, 1804, HCP HCP 1:15859. The state senate raised the tax to $100. 1:15859. The state senate raised the tax to $100.

79. Fortescue Cuming, Fortescue Cuming, Sketches of a Tour to the Western Country Through the States of Ohio and Kentucky, Sketches of a Tour to the Western Country Through the States of Ohio and Kentucky, edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1904), 18485, 18889. edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1904), 18485, 18889.

80. Josiah Espy, Josiah Espy, Memorandums of a Tour Made by Josiah Espy in the States of Ohio and Kentucky and Indian Territory in 1805 Memorandums of a Tour Made by Josiah Espy in the States of Ohio and Kentucky and Indian Territory in 1805 (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke, 1870), 8. (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke, 1870), 8.

81. Melish, Melish, Travels, Travels, 400401. 400401.

82. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 18688, 218; Agreement with Banks, September 13, 1804, Transylvania University, Special Collections; Clay to Walter Beall, August 16, 1806, Beall-Booth Family Papers, Filson; Brown to Clay, December 18, 1804, Clay to Ballinger, September 6, 1806, 18688, 218; Agreement with Banks, September 13, 1804, Transylvania University, Special Collections; Clay to Walter Beall, August 16, 1806, Beall-Booth Family Papers, Filson; Brown to Clay, December 18, 1804, Clay to Ballinger, September 6, 1806, HCP HCP 1:65, 11:8. 1:65, 11:8.

83. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 125, 194. 125, 194.

84. Clay and Oberholtzer, Clay and Oberholtzer, Clay, Clay, 28. 28.

CHAPTER THREE.

"Puppyism"

1. For full discussions regarding the controversial election of 1800, see John E. Ferling, For full discussions regarding the controversial election of 1800, see John E. Ferling, Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800 Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Edward J. Larson, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Edward J. Larson, A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America's First Presidential Campaign A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America's First Presidential Campaign (New York: Free Press, 2007); and Bernard A. Weisberger, (New York: Free Press, 2007); and Bernard A. Weisberger, America Afire: Jefferson, Adams, and the Revolutionary Election of 1800 America Afire: Jefferson, Adams, and the Revolutionary Election of 1800 (New York: William A. Morrow, 2000). (New York: William A. Morrow, 2000).

2. Nancy Isenberg, Nancy Isenberg, Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr (New York: Viking, 2007), 293; Mayo, (New York: Viking, 2007), 293; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 193; Blennerhassett to James Brown, December 9, 1805, William Harrison Safford, editor, 193; Blennerhassett to James Brown, December 9, 1805, William Harrison Safford, editor, The Blennerhassett Papers: Embodying the Private Journal of Harman Blennerhassett and the Hitherto Unpublished Correspondence The Blennerhassett Papers: Embodying the Private Journal of Harman Blennerhassett and the Hitherto Unpublished Correspondence (Cincinnati: Moore, Wilstach & Baldwin, 1864), 11011. (Cincinnati: Moore, Wilstach & Baldwin, 1864), 11011.

3. Isenberg, Isenberg, Burr, Burr, 294. 294.