12 Sellers, Sellers, Courtly Gardens in Holland Courtly Gardens in Holland, p.175.

13 Christian Huygens, Christian Huygens, Oeuvres Completes Oeuvres Completes 8, pp.867. 8, pp.867.

14 See e.g. Philips Doublet to Christiaan Huygens, 9 March 1679. Worp, letter 2163. See e.g. Philips Doublet to Christiaan Huygens, 9 March 1679. Worp, letter 2163.

15 See V.B. Sellers, See V.B. Sellers, Courtly Gardens in Holland 16001650 Courtly Gardens in Holland 16001650 (Amsterdam: Architectura & Natura Press, 2001). (Amsterdam: Architectura & Natura Press, 2001).

16 On the precise family connections see M. Sikkens-De Zwann, 'Magdalena Poulle (163299): A Dutch lady in a circle of botanical collectors', On the precise family connections see M. Sikkens-De Zwann, 'Magdalena Poulle (163299): A Dutch lady in a circle of botanical collectors', Garden History Garden History 30 (2002), 20620. 30 (2002), 20620.

17 E. Den Hartog and C. Teune, 'Gaspar f.a.gel (163388): His garden and plant collection at Leeuwenhorst', E. Den Hartog and C. Teune, 'Gaspar f.a.gel (163388): His garden and plant collection at Leeuwenhorst', Garden History Garden History 30 (2002), 191205; 191. 30 (2002), 191205; 191.

18 Tachard, Tachard, Voyage to Siam Voyage to Siam, p.51. For a fuller account of the VOC's nursery garden at the Cape see Jardine, Ingenious Pursuits Ingenious Pursuits, Chapter 6 Chapter 6.

19 Den Hartog and Teune, 'Gaspar f.a.gel', p.194. Den Hartog and Teune, 'Gaspar f.a.gel', p.194.

20 Ibid., p.197. Ibid., p.197.

21 Cit. Den Hartog and Teune, 'Gaspar f.a.gel', p.201. Cit. Den Hartog and Teune, 'Gaspar f.a.gel', p.201.

22 Cit. D. Chambers, '"Elysium Britannic.u.m not printed neere ready &c": The "Elysium Britannic.u.m" in the Correspondence of John Evelyn', in T. O'Malley and J. Wolschke-Bulmahn (eds), Cit. D. Chambers, '"Elysium Britannic.u.m not printed neere ready &c": The "Elysium Britannic.u.m" in the Correspondence of John Evelyn', in T. O'Malley and J. Wolschke-Bulmahn (eds), John Evelyn's 'Elysium Britannic.u.m' and European Gardening John Evelyn's 'Elysium Britannic.u.m' and European Gardening (Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1998), pp.107130; p.115. (Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1998), pp.107130; p.115.

23 Ibid., p.127. Ibid., p.127.

24 Sikkens-De Zwann, 'Magdalena Poulle', p.216. Sikkens-De Zwann, 'Magdalena Poulle', p.216.

25 See M.A. da Silva and M.M. Alcides, 'Collecting and framing the wilderness: The garden of Johan Maurits (160479) in North-East Brazil', See M.A. da Silva and M.M. Alcides, 'Collecting and framing the wilderness: The garden of Johan Maurits (160479) in North-East Brazil', Garden History Garden History 30 (2002), 15376. 30 (2002), 15376.

26 H.S. van der Straaten, H.S. van der Straaten, Maurits de Braziliaan: Het levensverhaal van Johan Maurits van Na.s.sau-Siegen, stichter van het Mauritshuis, gouverneur-generaal van Nederlands-Brazilie, stadhouder van Kleef 16041679 Maurits de Braziliaan: Het levensverhaal van Johan Maurits van Na.s.sau-Siegen, stichter van het Mauritshuis, gouverneur-generaal van Nederlands-Brazilie, stadhouder van Kleef 16041679 (Amsterdam: van Soeren & Co., 1998) (Amsterdam: van Soeren & Co., 1998)

27 Cit. da Silva and Alcides, 'Collecting and framing the wilderness', p.158. Cit. da Silva and Alcides, 'Collecting and framing the wilderness', p.158.

28 Cit. ibid., p.166. Cit. ibid., p.166.

29 Cit. ibid., p.172. Cit. ibid., p.172.

30 Cit. ibid., p.158. Cit. ibid., p.158.

31 See W. Diedenhofen, '"Belvedere", or the principle of seeing and looking in the gardens of Johan Maurits van Na.s.sau-Siegen at Cleves', in J. Dixon Hunt (ed.), See W. Diedenhofen, '"Belvedere", or the principle of seeing and looking in the gardens of Johan Maurits van Na.s.sau-Siegen at Cleves', in J. Dixon Hunt (ed.), The Dutch Garden in the Seventeenth Century The Dutch Garden in the Seventeenth Century (Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1988), pp.4980. (Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1988), pp.4980.

32 For the definitive account of the 'tulipmania', see Anne Goldgar, For the definitive account of the 'tulipmania', see Anne Goldgar, Tulipmania: Money, Honor, and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden Age Tulipmania: Money, Honor, and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden Age (Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 2007). (Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 2007).

33 Ibid., p.2. Ibid., p.2.

34 See above, See above, Chapter 5 Chapter 5.

35 Goldgar and Montias have shown that paintings and tulip bulbs were both traded and bought by the same people. For the moral dilemma of disposable wealth in the United Provinces in the seventeenth century, see Schama, Goldgar and Montias have shown that paintings and tulip bulbs were both traded and bought by the same people. For the moral dilemma of disposable wealth in the United Provinces in the seventeenth century, see Schama, Embarra.s.sment of Riches Embarra.s.sment of Riches.

36 On Blathwayt's career see S. Saunders Webb, 'William Blathwayt, imperial fixer: From Popish Plot to Glorious Revolution', On Blathwayt's career see S. Saunders Webb, 'William Blathwayt, imperial fixer: From Popish Plot to Glorious Revolution', William and Mary Quarterly William and Mary Quarterly 25 (1968), 321; 'William Blathwayt, imperial fixer: muddling through to empire, 16891717', 25 (1968), 321; 'William Blathwayt, imperial fixer: muddling through to empire, 16891717', William and Mary Quarterly William and Mary Quarterly 26 (1969), 373415. 26 (1969), 373415.

10: AngloDutch Exchange and the New Science

1 Journaal van Constantijn Huygens, den Zoon Journaal van Constantijn Huygens, den Zoon, p.103.

2 Ibid., p.114. Ibid., p.114.

3 See L. Jardine, See L. Jardine, Ingenious Pursuits: Building the Scientific Revolution Ingenious Pursuits: Building the Scientific Revolution (London: Little, Brown, 1999), for a full bibliography. (London: Little, Brown, 1999), for a full bibliography.

4 Cit. Strien, Cit. Strien, British Travellers in Holland British Travellers in Holland, p.264.

5 Ibid. Ibid.

6 A coiled spring was a standard feature of a traditional clock, incorporated as a driver of the mechanism (wound up with a key to drive the clockwork as in any modern clockwork toy); Huygens's original idea was to move it to act as a regulator of the balance. A coiled spring was a standard feature of a traditional clock, incorporated as a driver of the mechanism (wound up with a key to drive the clockwork as in any modern clockwork toy); Huygens's original idea was to move it to act as a regulator of the balance.

7 Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Correspondence Correspondence 11, 186 (translation from the French taken from the version published by Oldenburg in the 11, 186 (translation from the French taken from the version published by Oldenburg in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in November 1676). in November 1676).

8 BL Sloane MS 1039, f.129. BL Sloane MS 1039, f.129.

9 Moray and Bruce were related by marriage, I believe (there are too many Morays/Murrays and Bruces to be able to prove this). They were both probably prominent Speculative Freemasons. Moray and Bruce were related by marriage, I believe (there are too many Morays/Murrays and Bruces to be able to prove this). They were both probably prominent Speculative Freemasons.

10 On the English community at Maastricht during the Commonwealth years see J.P. Vander Motten, 'Thomas Killigrew's "lost years", 16551660', On the English community at Maastricht during the Commonwealth years see J.P. Vander Motten, 'Thomas Killigrew's "lost years", 16551660', Neophilogus Neophilogus 82 (1998), 31134. 82 (1998), 31134.

11 For the text of the correspondence between Sir Robert Moray and Alexander Bruce, Earl of Kincardine, see now D. Stevenson, For the text of the correspondence between Sir Robert Moray and Alexander Bruce, Earl of Kincardine, see now D. Stevenson, Letters of Sir Robert Moray to the Earl of Kincardine, 165773 Letters of Sir Robert Moray to the Earl of Kincardine, 165773 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007). On Moray's laboratory see e.g. ibid., p.82. (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007). On Moray's laboratory see e.g. ibid., p.82.

12 Ibid., p.190. See J.H. Leopold, 'Christiaan Huygens, the Royal Society and Horology', Ibid., p.190. See J.H. Leopold, 'Christiaan Huygens, the Royal Society and Horology', Antiquarian Horology Antiquarian Horology 21 (1993), 3742; 37. 21 (1993), 3742; 37.

13 Stevenson, Stevenson, Letters of Sir Robert Moray Letters of Sir Robert Moray, p.197.

14 Parts of the escapement mechanism in clocks. Parts of the escapement mechanism in clocks.

15 Stevenson, Stevenson, Letters of Sir Robert Moray Letters of Sir Robert Moray, pp.1989.

16 The first surviving communication between Moray and Christiaan Huygens is a letter dated 22 March 1661 (o.s.), shortly before Huygens arrived in London for the first time from Paris. The first surviving communication between Moray and Christiaan Huygens is a letter dated 22 March 1661 (o.s.), shortly before Huygens arrived in London for the first time from Paris. Oeuvres Completes Oeuvres Completes 3, pp.2601. However, it is clear that the two already know one another well. 3, pp.2601. However, it is clear that the two already know one another well.

17 Huygens, Huygens, Oeuvres Completes Oeuvres Completes 2, p.209. 2, p.209.

18 Lodewijk Huygens writes to his brother Christiaan in this period saying that the van Aerssens' house is the most fashionable and most frequented house in The Hague. Lodewijk Huygens writes to his brother Christiaan in this period saying that the van Aerssens' house is the most fashionable and most frequented house in The Hague.

19 Hume was chamberlain to Maria (Mary), Princess of Orange. See Oldenburg, Hume was chamberlain to Maria (Mary), Princess of Orange. See Oldenburg, Correspondence Correspondence 2, p.477. 2, p.477.

20 Stevenson, Stevenson, Letters of Sir Robert Moray Letters of Sir Robert Moray, p.211.

21 Moray had played a prominent role in negotiations in Scotland during events preceding the arrest and execution of Charles I. Charles II recompensed handsomely those who had stood by his father right up to his end. See David Stevenson's introduction to his edition of the Kincardine correspondence. Moray had played a prominent role in negotiations in Scotland during events preceding the arrest and execution of Charles I. Charles II recompensed handsomely those who had stood by his father right up to his end. See David Stevenson's introduction to his edition of the Kincardine correspondence.

22 E.L. Edwardes, E.L. Edwardes, The Story of the Pendulum Clock The Story of the Pendulum Clock (1977), p.41, interprets this as a reference to a type of 'crutch' (a fork-like device through which a clock pendulum runs) that Huygens had introduced. (1977), p.41, interprets this as a reference to a type of 'crutch' (a fork-like device through which a clock pendulum runs) that Huygens had introduced.

23 A projection that engages on the teeth of a wheel, converting reciprocating into rotary motion (or vice-versa) in a clock. A projection that engages on the teeth of a wheel, converting reciprocating into rotary motion (or vice-versa) in a clock.

24 Edwardes, Edwardes, Story Story, p.58, believed Moray wrote 'Chopes', which he identified as 'chops' or backc.o.c.ks, parts of the suspension system for pendulums in clocks. But the first letter of the word is certainly 's'.