13 The American-born Dutch art historian Gary Schwartz spearheaded the campaign to return the painting to the Dutch. See Schwartz's account of the discovery, in Loekie Schwartz's Dutch translation, in The American-born Dutch art historian Gary Schwartz spearheaded the campaign to return the painting to the Dutch. See Schwartz's account of the discovery, in Loekie Schwartz's Dutch translation, in Het Financieele Dagblad Het Financieele Dagblad, Amsterdam, 15 January 2005.

14 Held, 'Constantijn Huygens and Susanna van Baerle', p.658, footnote 20. Held, 'Constantijn Huygens and Susanna van Baerle', p.658, footnote 20.

15 Ibid., p.664 (my translation). Ibid., p.664 (my translation).

16 Ibid. Ibid.

17 See above, See above, Chapter 3 Chapter 3.

18 Held, 'Constantijn Huygens and Susanna van Baerle', p.665. Held, 'Constantijn Huygens and Susanna van Baerle', p.665.

19 On the three poems see F. Noske, 'Two unpaired hands holding a music sheet: A recently discovered portrait of Constantijn Huygens and Susanna van Baerle', On the three poems see F. Noske, 'Two unpaired hands holding a music sheet: A recently discovered portrait of Constantijn Huygens and Susanna van Baerle', Tijdschrift van de Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis Tijdschrift van de Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis 42 (1992), 13140. 42 (1992), 13140.

20 See ibid. See ibid.

21 Ibid., p.138. Ibid., p.138.

22 On Huygens and the theorbo see R. Spencer, 'Chitarrone, theorbo and archlute', On Huygens and the theorbo see R. Spencer, 'Chitarrone, theorbo and archlute', Early Music Early Music 4 (1976), 40723; 413. See also L. Sayce, 'Continuo lutes in 17th- and 18th-century England', 4 (1976), 40723; 413. See also L. Sayce, 'Continuo lutes in 17th- and 18th-century England', Early Music Early Music 23 (1995), 66684. 23 (1995), 66684.

23 For Marnix's influence on William see L. Jardine, For Marnix's influence on William see L. Jardine, The Awful End of William the Silent The Awful End of William the Silent.

24 6 June 1652. Worp, letter 5230. 6 June 1652. Worp, letter 5230.

25 See Huygens to Mevr. Morgan. Worp, letter 3239. See Huygens to Mevr. Morgan. Worp, letter 3239.

26 J.A. Worp (ed.), J.A. Worp (ed.), De gedichten van Constantijn Huygens, naar zijn handschrift uitgegeven De gedichten van Constantijn Huygens, naar zijn handschrift uitgegeven, 9 vols (Groningen, 189299), Vol. 4, pp.534: the poem was later ret.i.tled 'Een minnaer aen een weduwe op een mugge-net hem bij haer vereert'.

27 D. de Wilhem to Huygens, The Hague, 1 August 1646. Worp, letter 4417. D. de Wilhem to Huygens, The Hague, 1 August 1646. Worp, letter 4417.

28 Huygens to Mevr. A. Morgan. D. de Wilhem to Huygens, The Hague, 1 August 1646. Worp, letter 4417. Huygens to Mevr. A. Morgan. D. de Wilhem to Huygens, The Hague, 1 August 1646. Worp, letter 4417.28 Huygens to Mevr. A. Morgan, Worp, letter 4438.

29 See Edward M. Furgol, 'Morgan, Sir Charles (1575/61643)', See Edward M. Furgol, 'Morgan, Sir Charles (1575/61643)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com.catalogue.ulrls. lon.ac.uk:80/view/article/19217, accessed 7 April 2007].

30 To Lady Strickland, 2 October 1654. Worp, letter 5370. To Lady Strickland, 2 October 1654. Worp, letter 5370.

31 Huygens to Amalia van Solms, 3 August 1654. Worp, letter 5363. Huygens to Amalia van Solms, 3 August 1654. Worp, letter 5363.

32 6 June 1652. Worp, letter 5230. 6 June 1652. Worp, letter 5230.

33 See P. Geyl, 'Frederick Henry of Orange and King Charles I', See P. Geyl, 'Frederick Henry of Orange and King Charles I', English Historical Review English Historical Review 38 (1923), 35583; 364. 38 (1923), 35583; 364.

34 Utricia Ogle (161674) was the daughter of Sir John Ogle and Elizabeth de Vries. She married captain Sir William Swann in 1645. Utricia Ogle (161674) was the daughter of Sir John Ogle and Elizabeth de Vries. She married captain Sir William Swann in 1645.

35 See J.A. Worp, 'Nog eens Utricia Ogle en de muzikale correspondentie van Huygens', See J.A. Worp, 'Nog eens Utricia Ogle en de muzikale correspondentie van Huygens', Tijdschrift der Vereeniging voor Noord-Nederlands Muziekgeschiedenis Tijdschrift der Vereeniging voor Noord-Nederlands Muziekgeschiedenis 5 (1896), 12936. 5 (1896), 12936.

36 24 January 1647. Worp, letter 4527. 24 January 1647. Worp, letter 4527.

37 On Lanier's career in the household of Charles I see J. Brotton, On Lanier's career in the household of Charles I see J. Brotton, The Sale of the Late King's Goods The Sale of the Late King's Goods (London: Macmillan, 2006). (London: Macmillan, 2006).

38 20 January 1654. Worp, letter 5324. 20 January 1654. Worp, letter 5324.

39 'Hofwijk', lines 41318. P. Davidson and A. van der Weel (eds and trans.), 'Hofwijk', lines 41318. P. Davidson and A. van der Weel (eds and trans.), A Selection of the Poems of Sir Constantijn Huygens (15961687) A Selection of the Poems of Sir Constantijn Huygens (15961687) (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1996), p.143. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1996), p.143.

40 See J.A. Worp, 'Nog eens Utricia Ogle en de muzikale correspondentie van Huygens', See J.A. Worp, 'Nog eens Utricia Ogle en de muzikale correspondentie van Huygens', Tijdschrift der Vereeniging voor Noord-Nederlands Muziekgeschiedenis Tijdschrift der Vereeniging voor Noord-Nederlands Muziekgeschiedenis 5 (1896), 12936. 5 (1896), 12936.

41 J.P. Vander Motten, J.P. Vander Motten, Sir William Killigrew (16061695): His Life and Dramatic Works Sir William Killigrew (16061695): His Life and Dramatic Works (Gent: Universa, 1980), pp.227. F. Blom (ed.), (Gent: Universa, 1980), pp.227. F. Blom (ed.), Constantijn Huygens: Mijn Leven verteld aan mijn Kinderen Constantijn Huygens: Mijn Leven verteld aan mijn Kinderen, 2 vols (Amsterdam: Prometheus/Bert Bakker, 2003), 1: pp.1246; 2: pp.21618.

42 Blom, Blom, Constantijn Huygens: Mijn Leven Constantijn Huygens: Mijn Leven 1, p.124. I can find no evidence, aside from Contantijn Huygens's letters to her, for how Lady Killigrew came to know Dutch. But see Elizabeth of Bohemia's letter confirming that English n.o.blewomen were learning Dutch at this time (Nadine Akkerman, personal communication). 1, p.124. I can find no evidence, aside from Contantijn Huygens's letters to her, for how Lady Killigrew came to know Dutch. But see Elizabeth of Bohemia's letter confirming that English n.o.blewomen were learning Dutch at this time (Nadine Akkerman, personal communication).

43 Elizabeth of Bohemia to Sir Thomas Roe, The Hague, 24/14 June 1639. I am grateful to Nadine Akkerman for this reference. Elizabeth of Bohemia to Sir Thomas Roe, The Hague, 24/14 June 1639. I am grateful to Nadine Akkerman for this reference.

44 1630. Worp, letter 566. 1630. Worp, letter 566.

45 20/30 April 1671. Worp, letter 6794. 20/30 April 1671. Worp, letter 6794.

46 18 March 1646. Worp, letter 4295. 18 March 1646. Worp, letter 4295.

47 Lanier to Huygens, 3 April 1646. Worp, letter 4304. Lanier to Huygens, 3 April 1646. Worp, letter 4304.

48 The Life of the Honourable Robert Boyle The Life of the Honourable Robert Boyle by Thomas Birch, MA and FRS, London: Printed for A. Millar, over-against Catharine-Street in the Strand MDCCXLIV. (This later appears as the first part of Vol. I of the by Thomas Birch, MA and FRS, London: Printed for A. Millar, over-against Catharine-Street in the Strand MDCCXLIV. (This later appears as the first part of Vol. I of the Wo r k s Wo r k s.) For Francis's marriage, see p.34.

49 Lords Journal: 'Boyle et al pa.s.s to go to Holland, 22. Car. 1 viii 468 a. "Ordered, That Mr. Boyle and his Wife shall have a pa.s.s to go in to Holland; carrying with them Servants, and such Necessaries as are fit for his Journey."' Lords Journal: 'Boyle et al pa.s.s to go to Holland, 22. Car. 1 viii 468 a. "Ordered, That Mr. Boyle and his Wife shall have a pa.s.s to go in to Holland; carrying with them Servants, and such Necessaries as are fit for his Journey."'

50 See Birch, See Birch, Life of Boyle Life of Boyle. Birch adds the footnote: 'Mr. Boyle's letter to Mr. Marcombes, dated from London, Febr. 22, 16478, in which he mentions his intentions of setting out for Holland the next day.'

51 Charlotte's birth date is generally given as 'around 1650', since the actual birth took place discreetly, and her status as a royal b.a.s.t.a.r.d was not made public till many years later. Charlotte's birth date is generally given as 'around 1650', since the actual birth took place discreetly, and her status as a royal b.a.s.t.a.r.d was not made public till many years later.

52 J.P. Vander Motten, 'Thomas Killigrew's "lost years", 16551660', J.P. Vander Motten, 'Thomas Killigrew's "lost years", 16551660', Neophilologus Neophilologus 82 (1998), 31134. 82 (1998), 31134.

53 See above for the marital disgrace of Thomas's sister, Francis Boyle's wife. See above for the marital disgrace of Thomas's sister, Francis Boyle's wife.

54 J.P. Vander Motten, 'Killigrew, Thomas (16121683)', J.P. Vander Motten, 'Killigrew, Thomas (16121683)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [www.oxforddnb.com.catalogue.ulrls. lon.ac.uk:80/view/article/15538, accessed 8 April 2007].

55 Endymion Porter, who we are told actually found the house for the Cavendishes, was an agent involved in numerous art purchases made in the Low Countries on behalf of n.o.ble English clients. He was certainly well known to Huygens, and had served in the same capacity in purchases for the Dutch Stadholder. Huygens mentions Margaret Cavendish in a letter to Utricia Swann in 1653, when he has not yet met her in person. Endymion Porter, who we are told actually found the house for the Cavendishes, was an agent involved in numerous art purchases made in the Low Countries on behalf of n.o.ble English clients. He was certainly well known to Huygens, and had served in the same capacity in purchases for the Dutch Stadholder. Huygens mentions Margaret Cavendish in a letter to Utricia Swann in 1653, when he has not yet met her in person.

56 4/14 October, 1655. Worp, 4/14 October, 1655. Worp, De briefwisseling van Constantijn Huygens (16081687) De briefwisseling van Constantijn Huygens (16081687), 5, 2445, letter 5432.

7: Consorts of Viols, Theorbos and AngloDutch Voices

1 B. van Beneden, 'Introduction', in B. van Beneden and Nora de Poorter (eds), B. van Beneden, 'Introduction', in B. van Beneden and Nora de Poorter (eds), Royalist Refugees: William and Margaret Cavendish in the Rubens House 16481660 Royalist Refugees: William and Margaret Cavendish in the Rubens House 16481660 (Antwerp: Rubenshuis & Rubenianum, 2006), p.10. (Antwerp: Rubenshuis & Rubenianum, 2006), p.10.

2 I. van Damme, 'A city in transition: Antwerp after 1648', in ibid., pp.5562; 58. I. van Damme, 'A city in transition: Antwerp after 1648', in ibid., pp.5562; 58.

3 See P. Major, 'A Church in exile: Anglican survival and resistance in Antwerp, 165053' (in press). See P. Major, 'A Church in exile: Anglican survival and resistance in Antwerp, 165053' (in press).

4 On Jews and Jewish practice in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century, see the many articles by J.I. Israel, particularly those in On Jews and Jewish practice in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century, see the many articles by J.I. Israel, particularly those in Studia Rosenthaliana Studia Rosenthaliana.