27. PPE.

28. Gristwood 29. PPE.

30. Leland: Collectanea; Antiquarian Repertory; Starkey: Six Wives. The time was recorded on a plaque in St. Laurence's Church, Ludlow, which was seen by Thomas Dineley in 1684 (Dineley; David Lloyd).

31. Hall 32. Leland: Collectanea 33. Faraday; David Lloyd 34. Kevin Cunningham 35. Leland: Collectanea 36. Real Academia de Historia, MS. 94674, cited Tremlett 37. Licence: Elizabeth of York 38. Starkey: Six Wives 39. Loades: The Tudors 40. "An Account of the Death and Interment of Prince Arthur": anonymous herald's journal, in Leland: Collectanea 41. PPE.

42. Collection of Ordinances 43. PPE.

44. Ibid.

45. Ibid.

46. Benham; Cheung 47. CSP Spain: letter of Ferdinand and Isabella to de Puebla, dated April 15, quoted further on in the text.

48. PPE.

49. Andre 50. Andre: Hymi Christiani Bernardae Andreae poetae Regii 51. The Receyt of the Lady Katherine 52. Body Parts and Bodies 53. Grafton 54. "An Account of the Death and Interment of Prince Arthur": anonymous herald's journal, in Leland: Collectanea 55. Grafton 56. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII 57. Bruce 58. PPE.

59. Rohrkasten 60. PPE.

61. Keene and Harding; Rohrkasten 62. Brian Spencer, in Tudor-Craig; Rohrkasten 63. Ibid.

64. PPE.

65. Hall, Stow: Annals 66. Bacon; More 67. Letters and Papers Ill.u.s.trative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII 68. Hicks: Edward V 69. Chrimes 70. Chronicles of London 71. Hicks: Edward V 72. PPE.

73. Ibid.

74. CSP Spain 75. PPE.

76. CSP Spain 77. PPE.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.

80. CSP Spain 81. Ibid.

82. Ibid.

83. Fox 17: "THE HAND OF G.o.d"

1. PPE.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Additional MS. 59, 899 f. 24 7. Goodall; Thurley: The Royal Palaces of Tudor England; Laynesmith 8. Ibid.

9. PPE; c.o.kayne; Rotuli Parliamentorum 10. Jones and Underwood; PPE 11. Meerson; Jones and Underwood; c.o.kayne; Rotuli Parliamentorum 12. Ibid. Centuries later Notley would be the home of actors Sir Laurence Olivier and Vivien Leigh.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Cunningham: Henry VII 16. Zita West 17. PPE.

18. Ibid.

19. See, for example, Buckland. The Monmouth and Skenfrith vestments are now at the Welsh Folk Museum at St. f.a.gan's.

20. PPE.

21. HVIIPPE.

22. PPE.

23. See, for example, Buckland 24. PPE.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

28. HVIIPPE.

29. PPE.

30. Around 1708, during repairs to the hall, the skeleton of a man found seated at a table in an underground vault was thought to be his.

31. PPE; The Catholic Encyclopaedia; Ed West 32. PPE; Palmer: Royal England 33. PPE.

34. Herald's account in Cotton MS. Vitellius 35. PPE.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.

39. Ibid. Seymour's daughter Jane was later to marry Henry VIII.

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid.

42. Wriothesley 43. PPE.

44. Ibid.; Leland: Collectanea; Additional MS. 71009, f. 15v; Penn 45. HVIIPPE.

46. PPE.

47. "Lamentation," in More: Complete Works 48. Royal MS. 12b VI 49. PPE.

50. Cunningham: Henry VII 51. PPE.

52. Anne's coffin was reburied in the Minoresses' convent at Stepney, where it was discovered during excavations in 1964. Examination of the teeth showed a familial link with the skeletons found in the Tower in 1674. The remains were then reburied in Westminster Abbey, as near as possible to their original resting place.

53. Astle 54. Stow: London 55. Henry VII's unfinished chapel at Windsor was be lavishly completed by Cardinal Wolsey to house his own tomb. Later it was remodeled by Queen Victoria as the Albert Memorial Chapel.

56. Astle 57. PPE; Cloake: Richmond Palace; Thurley: The Royal Palaces of Tudor England 58. PPE.

59. In 1506, Henry VII also built a gallery leading from the Lanthorn Tower to the Salt Tower, which appears on a 1597 plan of the Tower as "the Queen's Gallery"-and created a privy garden below.

60. These were the rooms lavishly refurbished in 1533 for Anne Boleyn's sojourn prior to her coronation. Thurley: The Royal Palaces of Tudor England; Goodall; Impey and Parnell; Keay 61. PPE.

62. Leland: Collectanea 63. PPE.

64. Ibid.

65. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 412, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory; Great Chronicle of London 66. Herald's account in Cotton MS. Vitellius 67. PPE.

68. Cotton MS. Vitellius; Great Chronicle of London; Grafton 69. More: "Lamentation," in Complete Works 70. HVIIPPE.

71. Redstone. The chapel was demolished in 1547.

72. Grafton; Great Chronicle of London 73. Strickland 74. Sandford 75. Green 76. Cunningham: Henry VII 77. PPE.

78. Wriothesley; Great Chronicle of London; Grafton 79. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 412, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory; PPE 80. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 412, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory 81. Ibid.

82. Exchequer Records E.101; Hayward 83. Holinshed 84. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 412, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory; Cunningham: Henry VII 85. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 412, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory 86. PPE.

87. Richardson: Mary Tudor, the White Queen; Loades: Mary Rose 88. Hayward 89. Additional MS. 45133, f. 141v; Jones and Underwood 90. Records of the Lord Chamberlain, LC 2/1, f. 5978; Great Wardrobe Accounts 91. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 412, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory 92. Great Chronicle of London 93. It is often stated that Elizabeth lay in state in the beautiful Norman chapel of St. John the Evangelist, the chapel used by the monarch when in residence in the Tower. Dating from ca. 107880, it rises through two floors of the upper levels of the White Tower, the ancient keep. Its sanctuary and nave are encircled by Romanesque arches, a continuous ambulatory, and flanking aisles. It is a rare survival, one of the most perfect Norman chapels still in existence. However, The Great Chronicle of London clearly states that Elizabeth lay in state in "the parish church of the Tower," which is St. Peter ad Vincula, where her daughter had been christened just eight days earlier. It would make sense that St. Peter's was chosen, given the logistics of carrying the coffin up and down the spiral stairs to St. John's Chapel.

94. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 412, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory 95. Ibid.

96. Herald's account in College of Arms MS. I, IX, f. 27 18: "HERE LIETH THE FRESH FLOWER OF PLANTAGENET"

1. CSP Spain 2. Treasurer's Accounts, Register Office, Edinburgh 3. Buchanan 4. "Isabel" is the form of "Elizabeth" in some countries.

5. Balliol College Oxford MS. 354, ff. 17576; B.L. Sloane MS. 1825, ff. 88v-89; printed in More: Complete Works; Tromly 6. Tromly 7. Bacon 8. It has been suggested that she was buried with her mother (Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales); if so, she was left undisturbed in Elizabeth's temporary grave (described further on in the chapter), for her coffin was not found in Henry VII's vault, and the anthropoid coffin of the Queen could not have accommodated the corpse of an infant.

9. Balliol College, Oxford MS. 354, f. 176 10. HVIIPPE. The funeral accounts are in Antiquarian Repertory.

11. Gristwood 12. This account of the Queen's funeral is based on those in College of Arms MS. 1, ff. 27r-32r; Additional MS. 45131, ff. 41v-47, which includes the account of Charles Wriothesley, Windsor Herald; College of Arms MS. I, III, ff. 23, 24; Additional MS. 45161, ff. 4142, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory; Fabyan; Records of the Skinners of London 13. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 4142, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory 14. The accounts for the effigy-in Records of the Lord Chamberlain, LC 2/1 f. 46PRO LC/1/2, ff. 46v-48v-are the first that survive for a royal funeral effigy.

15. Howgrave-Graham 16. Ibid.

17. Records of the Lord Chamberlain, LC 2/1 f. 46PRO LC/1/2, ff. 46v-48v; St. John Hope 18. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 4142, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory 19. Those of London, Salisbury, Lincoln, Exeter, Rochester, Norwich, Llandaff, and Bangor.

20. Records of the Lord Chamberlain LC 2/1, f. 4849 21. Additional MS. 45161, ff. 4142, reproduced in Antiquarian Repertory; Records of the Lord Chamberlain, LC 2/1. F. 46, 52 22. Fabyan 23. Astle 24. Records of the Lord Chamberlain, LC 2/1, f. 53 25. Westminster Abbey Muniments 6637, f. 26 26. A Collection of all the Wills, now known to be extant, of the Kings and Queens of England; Astle 27. CSP Spain; Doran; Gristwood; Penn 28. Rex: The Tudors 29. Letters and Papers Ill.u.s.trative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII 30. Exchequer Records E.101 31. Grafton 32. Hayward 33. HVIIPPE.

34. CSP Spain 35. Astle 36. Cited by Williams in Henry VIII and his Court 37. Cited by Cannon and Griffiths 38. Ormond; Gothic. An electrotype of Elizabeth's tomb effigy, cast by Domenico Brucciani in 1870, is in the National Portrait Gallery.

39. Wilkinson: Henry VII's Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey; Wilkinson: Westminster Abbey 19: "AS LONG AS THE WORLD SHALL ENDURE"

1. Hayward 2. Abell; Wroe 3. Wroe; Dunlop 4. CSP Spain 5. Okerlund: Elizabeth of York; Anglo: "The Court Festivals of Henry VII"

6. Rex: Henry VIII 7. Bacon 8. Anglo: Images of Tudor Kingship 9. CSP Spain 10. Ibid.

11. Bacon 12. Lansdowne MS. 874, f. 49 13. Cited Anglo: Images of Tudor Kingship 14. Ibid.

15. Latin pedigree in the College of Arms; Harleian MS. 1139, f. 37 16. Horrox 17. Meerson; Hamilton; Hoak 18. Jones and Underwood 19. Herbert of Cherbury 20. The Vaux Pa.s.sional, Peniarth MS. 482D 21. Ibid.; Mary Williams 22. The Letters of King Henry VIII. When Philip had visited England in 1506, the late Queen Elizabeth's "rich litters and chairs" were placed at his disposal (Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince) 23. Williams: Henry VIII and his Court 24. Palgrave 25. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII 26. Ibid.; Wriothesley; Additional MS. 71009, ff. 3744v 27. CSP Spain 28. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII 29. Rushton 30. College of Arms MS. I, 11, f. 21r-v 31. Chapter Records; Hope; Vetusta Monumenta; Cracknell 32. National Portrait Gallery Archive 33. Stanley; Wilkinson: Henry VII's Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey; Wilkinson: Westminster Abbey APPENDIX I: PORTRAITURE.

1. Ormond; Rackham; Tudor-Craig; Jenkins; Marks; Gothic 2. Jenkins; Gothic 3. Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales; Rushforth 4. Darracott; Rushforth; Jenkins; Chrimes; Gothic 5. Scott: "Painting from Life?"; John Fletcher 6. This date reflects recent testing of the panel at the Royal Collection by Ian Tyers using dendrochronology.

7. I am indebted to Jennifer Scott, Curator of Paintings, the Royal Collection, for this information.

8. Doort 9. They are in the Royal Collection and at Petworth House, Suss.e.x; the latter shows Edward VI standing in the center foreground.

10. Strong: Tudor and Jacobean Portraits; Chrimes 11. Jennifer Scott, Curator of Paintings, the Royal Collection, in correspondence with the author 12. Stephen Lloyd; Reynolds: English Portrait Miniatures. The features have been extensively repainted.

13. Doort 14. Inventory of Charles II's pictures at Whitehall, ca.166667, MS. in "the Surveyor's Office," cited Millar 15. Millar; Strong: Tudor and Jacobean Portraits; www.royalcollection.org.uk. I am indebted to Jennifer Scott, Curator of Paintings, the Royal Collection, for sending me information on this portrait and scans.

16. See notes at www.royalcollection.org.uk; Scott: "Painting from Life?"

17. Important British Paintings, 15001850; Scott: "Painting from Life?"

18. Tudor-Craig 19. Tudor-Craig; Strong: Tudor and Jacobean Portraits; Williamson: The National Portrait Gallery History of the Kings and Queens of England 20. Millar; Strong: Tudor and Jacobean Portraits; www.priory-fine-art.co.uk 21. Ashelford 22. Auerbach and Adams 23. It was purchased by Queen Victoria in 1883.

24. Leland: Collectanea 25. Laynesmith 26. Walpole; Scharf; Cloake: Palaces and Parks of Richmond and Kew; The Reign of Henry VII: Proceedings of the 1993 Harlaxton Symposium; Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales; Scott: The Royal Portrait: Image and Impact; Millar; Hayward 27. Scharf 28. Christ Church Oxford MS. 179, f. lv; McKendrick, Lowden, and Doyle 29. The Renaissance at Sutton Place 30. Gothic APPENDIX II: ELIZABETH OF YORK'S LADIES AND GENTLEWOMEN 1. PPE.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince; Meerson 6. PPE.

7. Ibid.