17. Hentzner 18. Hayward 19. Leland: Collectanea 20. Ibid.

21. Gristwood 22. Licence: Elizabeth of York 23. CSP Spain 24. CSP Venice 25. Leland: Collectanea 26. Pierce 27. CSP Spain 28. Leland: Collectanea 29. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 30. Licence: Elizabeth of York 31. Cotton MS. Julius B XII; Leland: Collectanea 32. Leland: Collectanea 33. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; PPE 34. Leland: Collectanea; Green. Strickland, in her Lives of the Queens of Scotland, states incorrectly that the princess was christened in St. Margaret's Church, Westminster.

35. Leland: Collectanea 36. Exchequer Records E.404; Collection of Ordinances; Original Letters Ill.u.s.trative of English History; Glasheen 37. Leland: Collectanea 38. CSP Spain. When Granada finally fell in 1492, completing the centuries-long Reconquest of Spain, Te Deum was sung in St. Paul's Cathedral. The suggestion that Ferdinand wrote to Elizabeth because he recognized her t.i.tle comes from the historian Sarah Gristwood, in correspondence with the author.

39. Leland: Collectanea 40. Ibid.

41. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII 42. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; Starkey: Six Wives 43. Her surname is also given as Uxbridge. Later she married Walter Luke (or Locke).

44. Exchequer Records E.404 45. Lambard. These apartments do not survive.

46. Dowsing; Hedley; Thurley: The Royal Palaces of Tudor England 47. Starkey: Monarchy; Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince; Laynesmith 48. Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince; Exchequer Records E.404 49. In Henry VIII: Man and Monarch, an engraving of 1748 by George Vertue, incorrectly inscribed as Prince Henry, Prince Arthur, and Princess Margaret, is said to be based on "a no-longer-extant and possibly spurious painting of 1496." But "Henry" is clearly older than "Margaret," and the painting, by Jan Gossaert, which is in the Royal Collection (a copy is in the collection of the Earl of Pembroke at Wilton House, Wiltshire), in fact portrays Dorothea, John, and Christina, the children of Christian II, King of Denmark, and was painted in 1526. It is recorded in Henry VIII's collection, but in the eighteenth century was misidentified, perhaps by Queen Caroline of Ansbach, wife of George II, as the children of Henry VII.

50. CSP Milan 51. CSP Spain 52. Vergil; Andre 53. CSP Spain 54. Bacon 55. Strickland 56. Lancelott 57. Bacon 58. Vergil 59. Book of Howth 60. Letters and Papers Ill.u.s.trative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII 61. Bacon 62. Ibid.

63. Arundel MS. 26 f. 29v 64. A Collection of all the Wills, now known to be extant, of the Kings and Queens of England 65. Arundel MS. 26 f. 29v 66. Arundel MS. 26 f. 30 67. Arundel MS. 26 f. 29v 68. Collection of Ordinances 69. PPE.

70. Leland: Collectanea 71. Exchequer Records E.404 72. Household book of Henry VII as kept by John Heron Treasurer of the Chamber, 14991505: Additional MS. 21, 480 73. Andre 74. Vergil 75. Bacon 76. Ibid.

77. Vergil 78. Ibid.

79. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII 80. Mancini 81. Hepburn 82. Herbert and New; Walker 83. Stow: Annals 84. Bacon 85. Calendar of the Cecil Papers at Hatfield House; Original Letters Ill.u.s.trative of English History 86. Vergil 87. Four stanzas of seven lines each in iambic pentameter.

88. Great Chronicle of London 89. Hall 90. Letters and Papers Ill.u.s.trative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII 91. Henry VIII: A European Court in England; Hayward. The sketch is probably a copy, dating from ca. 151525, of a lost original. It is inscribed "le roy Henry d'Angleterre," but the ident.i.ty of the sitter has been disputed on the grounds that the broad-brimmed feathered hat he wears over his coif is a fashion of a later date (Henry VIII: Man and Monarch). However, there are many examples of this type of headgear in the 1490s, and the high square neckline of the prince's paltock belongs also to that period (Norris).

92. Sir Thomas Tyng to Sir John Paston, in Paston Letters 93. Hall; Cotton MS. Julius A. XVI f. 150, in Letters and Papers Ill.u.s.trative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII 94. Cotton MS. Julius A. XVI f. 150, in Letters and Papers Ill.u.s.trative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII 95. Stow: London; HVIIPPE 96. Hall 97. Ibid.

98. Bacon 99. Strickland: Buck; Hutchinson: House of Treason 100. HVIIPPE.

101. Formulare Anglicanum 102. Rotuli Parliamentorum 103. Meerson 104. Hall 105. Rotuli Parliamentorum 106. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII 107. Dugdale 108. Letters and Papers Ill.u.s.trative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII 109. Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills, PROB 11/10 q. 25 110. Cited by Finch 111. Stow: London 112. Thurley: The Royal Palaces of Tudor England. Baynard's Castle was largely destroyed in 1666 during the Great Fire of London; a single turret survived until 1720. The site was excavated in 197275.

113. HVIIPPE.

114. Ibid.

115. Draper 116. Lathom House was to be slighted and destroyed in 1645 during the Civil War. A third house was erected in its place in the eighteenth century, but only the west wing stands today (Victoria County History: Lancashire; Neil, Baldwin, and Crosby).

117. HVIIPPE.

118. White Kennett's Collections in the Lansdowne MSS.

119. Bacon 120. I am indebted to Ian Coulson for these details, and for kindly sending me his article detailing his research on the Paradise Bed, which he acquired in 2010. This research is still ongoing.

121. HVIIPPE.

14: "DOUBTFUL DROPS OF ROYAL BLOOD"

1. Cotton MS. Vitellius A. XVI f. 156 gives October 7, but Stow: London, citing the tomb inscription, gives November 14. This cannot be correct, as the warrant for the funeral expenses was issued on October 26.

2. HVIIPPE.

3. Ibid.; Bacon 4. HVIIPPE.

5. Exchequer Records E.404; Egerton MS. 2, 642, f. 185v 6. Great Chronicle of London; Cotton MS. Vitellius A. XVI f. 156; Sandford; Lane; Strickland; Stow: London 7. Stow: London 8. PPE; Vail; Ashdown-Hill: Richard III's "Beloved Cousyn"; Smith 9. Foedera 10. Bacon 11. CSP Spain 12. The King and Queen were in residence at Sheen from February 26 until they moved to Windsor on April 14 (HVIIPPE).

13. Records of the Keeper of the Privy Seal PSO 1; Exchequer Records E.101 14. HVIIPPE.

15. c.o.kayne 16. HVIIPPE.

17. Ibid.

18. Letters of Royal and Ill.u.s.trious Ladies of Great Britain 19. Exchequer Records E.101; PPE 20. Miscellaneous Books E.36 21. Meerson 22. PPE.

23. Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince 24. Ibid.

25. Erasmus: The Epistles of Erasmus 26. Skelton: The Poetical Works 27. Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince 28. Loades: Tudor Queens 29. PPE.

30. Cited by Strickland 31. HVIIPPE; Special Collections S.C. 1/51/189 32. CSP Venice 33. HVIIPPE; Strickland; Wroe 34. The Reign of Henry VII from Contemporary Sources; Gristwood: Bruce 35. Hall 36. Ibid.

37. HVIIPPE.

38. Ibid.

39. CSP Milan 40. Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince; Hutchinson: Young Henry 41. Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince 42. CSP Venice; CSP Milan 43. Bacon 44. Ibid.

45. CSP Venice 46. Ibid.

47. Letter of Henry VII in Lambeth Palace MS. 632 f. 25 48. Bacon 49. Gristwood 50. Andre 51. Ibid.; Gristwood 52. Letters and Papers Ill.u.s.trative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII 53. Wroe; Gristwood 54. Great Chronicle of London; Cotton MS. Vitellius, A XVI, f. 168; Moorhen 55. Wroe 56. Bacon 57. Meerson; Calendar of Doc.u.ments relating to Scotland; Miscellaneous Books E.36; HVIIPPE; Wroe 58. HVIIPPE.

59. Cotton MS. Vitellius A XVI, printed in Chronicles of London 60. CSP Venice 61. Baldwin: Elizabeth Woodville 62. Egerton MS. 616, f. 7 63. CSP Spain 64. Before the Reformation, priests were customarily given the courtesy t.i.tle "sir."

65. The Voice of the Middle Ages in Personal Letters 66. CSP Milan 67. "St. Thomas' night," according to The Great Chronicle of London, although CSP Milan says the night before Christmas Eve.

68. CSP Venice 69. CSP Milan 70. Ibid.

71. CSP Venice 72. Bacon 73. CSP Milan 74. Ibid.

75. Great Chronicle of London 76. CSP Milan 77. CSP Spain 78. PPE.

79. HVIIPPE.

80. Anglo: "The Court Festivals of Henry VII"

81. HVIIPPE.

82. CSP Spain 83. Ibid.

84. Ibid.

85. Ibid.

86. Gristwood 87. CSP Spain 88. Ibid.

89. Ibid.

90. Ibid.

91. HVIIPPE.

92. Capgrave 93. HVIIPPE.

94. Cooper; Lyte 95. CSP Spain 96. Licence: Elizabeth of York 97. CSP Spain 98. Ibid.

99. Foedera 100. Great Chronicle of London 101. Green 102. Great Wardrobe Accounts; Exchequer Records E.101; HVIIPPE 103. The date is recorded in the Beaufort Hours, which is more likely to be correct than Ayala, who wrote that the Queen "was delivered of a son on Friday" (CSP Spain). Charles Wriothesley also gives the date incorrectly as February 22.

104. Great Wardrobe Accounts; HVIIPPE 105. CSP Spain 106. Gristwood 107. CSP Spain 108. HVIIPPE.

109. Wriothesley 110. Including your author in Britain's Royal Families.

111. Lenz Harvey: The Rose and the Thorn 112. Hutchinson: Young Henry; Gristwood 113. Lenz-Harvey, in Elizabeth of York, says that grief over Princess Elizabeth's death caused the Queen to give birth to a son too small to survive.

114. Loades: Mary Rose, although he says that Elizabeth had "an abortive pregnancy"; Norton: England's Queens, but she incorrectly gives the date of Princess Elizabeth's death as 1497 and-like Lenz-Harvey in Elizabeth of York-the date of Princess Mary's birth as 1498, as Holinshed wrongly has it.

115. King's MS. 395, ff. 32v-33 116. For example, Chrimes 117. Leland: Itinerary. The house was destroyed during the Civil War and rebuilt in the early eighteenth century.

118. CSP Spain 119. Letters of Royal and Ill.u.s.trious Ladies of Great Britain 120. HVIIPPE.

121. The occasion was immortalized in a fresco executed in 1910 in the Palace of Westminster by F. W. Cowper, although it was incorrectly set at Greenwich; and in stained gla.s.s made in 1881 for St. Mary's Church, Bury St. Edmunds.

122. "Britain Personified," in Erasmus: The Epistles of Erasmus 123. Erasmus: The Epistles of Erasmus 124. Letter of Cardinal Reginald Pole of September 7, 1549, in CSP Venice 125. CSP Spain 126. Records of the Court of King's Bench: Indictments Files KB 9/390, 8486 127. Hall 128. HVIIPPE.

129. Moorhen 130. CSP Spain 15: "THE SPANISH INFANTA"

1. CSP Spain 2. Bacon 3. CSP Spain 4. Ibid.

5. Chronicle of Calais; Wroe 6. CSP Spain 7. Bacon 8. Great Wardrobe Accounts 9. Ibid.; Wardrobe Indentures in Exchequer Records E.101 10. Chrimes; Loades: Mary Rose 11. PPE.

12. Grafton; Chronicle of Calais; CSP Spain 13. This red-brick palace had been built around 148085 by Cardinal Morton when he was Bishop of Ely. It is famous as the palace where Prince Edmund's great-niece, Elizabeth I, spent much of her youth and learned of her accession. Only the great hall and one tower of the old palace remain today, the rest having been pulled down in 160708 when Robert Cecil was building Hatfield House. For Arthur's health see p. 374 and note 49.

14. HVIIPPE.

15. Ibid.

16. Collection of Ordinances 17. Chronicles of London 18. Thurley: The Royal Palaces of Tudor England; Victoria County History: Kent; Jones and Underwood. Greenwich Palace and the Observants' church were demolished in the reign of Charles II. Today, the Queen's House and the National Maritime Museum occupy the site.

19. CSP Spain 20. HVIIPPE.

21. Exchequer Records E.101 22. Letters and Papers Ill.u.s.trative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII 23. CSP Spain 24. Cotton MS. Vitellius A XVI 25. Harleian MS. 69 26. Orders of the Privy Council, cited Okerlund: Elizabeth of York 27. CSP Spain 28. Ibid.

29. Great Chronicle of London 30. Account of Lancaster Herald, in Antiquarian Repertory 31. Ibid.

32. Ibid.

33. Ibid.; The Receyt of the Lady Katherine; Thurley: The Royal Palaces of Tudor England; Dowsing; Hedley; Fletcher 34. Great Chronicle of London 35. The Receyt of the Lady Katherine; Thurley: The Royal Palaces of Tudor England; Victoria County History: Surrey. All that substantially remains of the palace today is the original gatehouse, which bears the arms of Henry VII above the entrance arch.

36. The Receyt of the Lady Katherine 37. Jones and Underwood 38. Harleian MS. 69 39. The Receyt of the Lady Katherine; Leland: Collectanea 40. This account of Katherine's reception, her wedding, and the celebrations that followed is based on descriptions and information in The Receyt of the Lady Katherine; Hall; Cotton MS. Vitellius XVI; Cotton MS. Vitellius CXI; Harleian MS. 69; Great Chronicle of London; HVIIPPE; Leland: Collectanea; Cowie; Gristwood; Davey; Stow: London 41. Maria Perry; c.o.kayne 42. CSP Spain 43. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII 44. Ibid.

45. Ibid.

46. Ibid.

47. Real Academia de Historia MS. 94674, cited by Tremlett 48. Cited by Tremlett 49. Fuensalida. Letter to Ferdinand and Isabella, July 25, 1500, cited Patrick Williams.

50. "Low" dances: elegant, measured dances in which there are no jumps or capers and the feet do not leave the floor.

51. Antiquarian Repertory 52. The Receyt of the Lady Katherine 53. CSP Spain 54. Ibid.; Fraser: The Six Wives of Henry VIII; Starkey: Six Wives 55. Foedera 56. Account of Somerset Herald, in Leland: Collectanea 57. PPE.

58. College of Arms MSS.: Collection of Miscellany I, f. 84b-91; Cotton MS. Vitellius A XVI, f. 282; Leland: Collectanea 59. PPE.

60. Treasurer's Accounts, September 1502, Register House, Edinburgh 16: "ENDURING EVIL THINGS"

1. CSP Milan 2. Grafton 3. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII 4. Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London; Seward: The Last White Rose 5. Cunningham: Henry VII 6. Durant 7. Ibid.

8. Rotuli Parliamentorum; Seward: The Last White Rose. Courtenay was to remain in the Tower for the rest of Henry VII's reign, and would not be released until 1509; he died in 1511.

9. PPE.

10. It was published as Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York by Nicholas Harris Nicolas in 1830, and is referred to here as PPE.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. PPE.

15. Lambeth Palace MS. 371. Elizabeth's son, Henry VIII, would visit this shrine in 1521.

16. Probably St. Mary's Priory, Binham, Norfolk.

17. PPE; Victoria County History: Suffolk 18. Tewkesbury Annals, in Kingsford: English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century; Laynesmith 19. PPE; Wriothesley; Laynesmith; Chapter Records 20. PPE; The Catholic Encyclopaedia; Ed West; The Shrine 21. Tremlett 22. PPE.

23. Ibid.

24. Burton; Gothic 25. PPE.

26. Ibid.; Worsley and Souden; Thurley: Hampton Court Palace. In 1505, Daubeney acquired a new lease on the property that effectively conferred on him the rights of a freeholder. He lived at Hampton until his death in 1508. His house was leased in 1514 to Cardinal Wolsey and subsequently largely demolished to make way for the great palace. The outline of his courtyard range is marked out in red bricks in the courtyard of Clock Court. Hampton Court later came into the possession of Henry VIII, and became one of his favorite residences.