16. Williams (1997) 31-33; Walker (2004), 164-66; McWilliams (1939) 51, 6o-6i; Worster (1985), 99; Daniel (1981), 33. Meinig (1968) says the first combine in eastern Washington probably came from California in 1888 (pp. 394, 499).

17. Arax and Wartzman (2003), 3-6, 21, 97, 338-39; Reisner (1993), 181 i8. McWilliams (1939) 51, 6o-6i; Worster (1985), 99; Daniel (1981), 33.

19. Pisani (1996), 101.

20. Starr (1985), 135; Vaught (1999) 14-15, 23.

21. McPhee (1966), 11, 63.

22. Ibid., 9-13; Sackman (2005), 5-7; Walker (2004), 24, 114; David Karp, "Lemons, Yes, but Please! Don't Squeeze," New York Times (February 2, 2005), pp. Di, D6.

23. Henderson (1998), 64-67; McWilliams (1939), 63; McWilliams (1946), 211-12; Starr (1985), 133, 14r Pomeroy (1965), 11o-11; Sackman (2005), 42-43. George Hammond invented a refrigerated car ("an icebox on wheels") in 1868, and a decade later Swift improved it with venting that sent icy air flowing over the whole carload of meat. Cronon (1991), 233-34.

24. Williams (1997), 14-15.

25. McWilliams (1946), 150.

26. McPhee (1966), 23, 98; Pomeroy (1965), io6-8; Stoll (1998), 36-37- 27. Tyrrell (1999) 56-60. As early as 1874 California already had a million eucalyptus trees.

28. Starr (1985), 142-43; Nugent (2001), 90. On the almond as "an instrument of civility," see Vaught (1999), 39 29. Sackman (2005),23,34; McWilliams (1946),152-53.

30. Stoll (1998), 45, 175.

31. Brunner (1922), 31, 46, 65.

32. Ibid., 24-27; Henderson (1998), 12-13, 64-67; McWilliams (1946), 211-12.

33. Vaught (1999), 53; Vaught emphasizes the progressive virtues of orchard cultivation, which may have been true in the 189os but not in the twentieth century.

34. Starr (1985), 101.

35 McWilliams (1949), 325; McWilliams (1946), 152; McClung (2000), 92; Smythe (1899), 97, 100,102-3.

36. Starr (1985), 86.

37. Ibid., 143.

38. McWilliams (1946),375-78.

39. Ibid., 220.

40. McPhee (1966), 54-57, quoting an orange picker; Henderson (1998), 87, citing research by Gregory Woirol.

41. Sackman (2005),127,132; Hine and Faragher (2000), 390; McWilliams (1939), 67- 68,71-75.

42. Sackman (2005), 132-33; Nagle quoted in McWilliams (1939), 107, also io8.

43 Hine and Faragher (2000), 394; Walker (2004), 95, citing research by Masakazu Iwata; Starr (1996), 62-63; McWilliams (r939), 108-13; McWilliams (1949), 114; Vaught (1999), 189.

44. McWilliams (1939),129,305- 45. Stoll (1998),127-31.

46. McGirr (2001), 32, 36, 54, 6o; Peirce (1972),170-72.

47. Ibid., 31.

48. Ibid., 98-104,135.

49. Quoted in Lieven (2004),16.

50. Mike Davis wrote that this "real-life Garden of Eden" was drowned by "an estimated three billion tons of concrete (250 pounds per inhabitant)." Davis (1992), 80; see also Sackman (2005), 295.

51. Sackman (2005), 25, 262.

Chapter io. "There It Is. Take It".

i. Walton (1992), 232.

2. Kahrl (1982),12-15, 47-48; Starr (1990), 47, 49; Bean (1968), 350; Fogelson (1967), 95. "Top drawer" is in Mulholland (2000), 29.

3. Reisner (1993), 73; Hoffman (1981),12.

4. Kahrl (1982), 49; Starr (1990), 53; Wyatt (1997), 142. On the drought and the drained city reservoirs, see Kahrl (1982), 489n, who finds no evidence of drought (true) and no evidence that Mulholland drained reservoirs (other experts disagree, e.g., Reisner [19931, 78). Lots of water was clearly draining out into the Pacific, as much as 5 million gallons a day, but Mulholland's granddaughter says it was the result of old, leaky sewers. Mulholland (2000), 103. See also the authoritative account in Hoffman (1981), 96-98; Mulholland may not have been running water into the Pacific, but he was happy to use "warnings of an imminent water famine" to advertise the aqueduct: "We must have it"

5. Hoffman (1981), xiii.

6. Starr (1990), 51. Beyond Chinatown is animated by a belief that if someone says two or more people got together to bamboozle the public, this const.i.tutes "conspiracy theory." The book talks of "water conspiracy theory," "overplotted" conspiracies, "shadow" conspiracies, skullduggery done "Chinatown fashion," and the like, while never laying a hand on Kahrl and other historians. See Erie (2006), 42, 45, 49, 53 7. Robert Towne later said that he "didn't base a single character in Chinatown on any person I read about in the Owens Valley episode" (Wyatt 119971, 147). But Mulwray's character draws heavily on Mulholland's life and character, especially his love of the river and his ethical qualities-with the caveat that "he has to swim in the same water we all do 8. Kahrl (1982), 18-21, 232.

9. Quoted in Reisner (1993), 85-86.

1o. Kahrl (1982), 230-31, 312-13; Wyatt (1997), 137, 141; Starr (1990), 162-63; Birmingham (1980),1o9-1o; McWilliams (1946),195.

ii. Kahrl (1982), 437- 12. Mulholland (2000), xv.

13. Kahrl (1982), 96, 186-88, 227; Hoffman (1981), 125-27; Wyatt (1997), 145; Starr (1990), 54; Fogelson (1967), 86-87. Mulholland's granddaughter responds to claims of syndicate chicanery with the comment, "Certainly no one was forced to sell his land"; the same could be said of a person who innocently sells quartz to a jeweler who knows it to be gold. See Mulholland (2000),123.

14. Starr (1990), 56; Kahrl (1982),158.

15. Starr (1990), 97, no; Fulton (1997), 7-9- 16. Kahrl (1982), 2o1-o2; Starr (1990), 59- 17- Kahrl (1982), 133; Starr (1990), 6o-6x, 391; Starr (1997), 159.

18. Erie (2004), 61.

19. Starr (1990), 26-27, 43; Morgan (1967), 58.

20. Starr (1996), 276.

21. Ibid., 279-80.

22. Starr (1990), 12-13, 48, 6o-6x; Starr (1996), 280, 287- 23. Starr (1990), 46.

24. Worster (1985), 4-5, 193.

25. Ibid., 6-7.

z6. Ibid., 15, 50, 303.

27. Walker (2004),125-28,175-76.

A McWilliams (1946),154-56; Starr (1990), 16.

z9. Starr (1990), 30-32; see also Fiege (2000),11,115.

30. Walton (1992), 150-52; Morris (2002), 115; Worster (1985), 130-31; Roosevelt quoted in Nye (2004), 237- 31. Kelley (1971), 244; Worster calls the 1902 Reclamation Act "the most important single piece of legislation in the history of the West, overshadowing even the Homestead Act" (130-31).

32. Starr (1990), 20; Reisner (1993),120-21.

33. Starr (1996), 294; Wiley and Gottlieb (1982), 5.

34 Starr (1996), 297; Reisner (1993), 126; Wiley and Gottlieb (1982), 4-5.

35. Starr (1996), 297-300.

36. Priestley quoted in Starr (1996), 302-3.

37. Fulton (1997), 101-2, 109. For an interpretation emphasizing democratic control of Southern California water, see Erie (2006).

38. McClung (2000), 17, 8o.

39. Smythe (1899), 152, 200; MacColl (1979), 553; Roosevelt quoted in Sackman (2005), 287; Johansen and Gates (1967), 240-4r; Woody Guthrie, "Walking Columbia," quoted in White (1995), 62; Didion (1979), 62.

40. Walker (2004),150; McClung (2000), 32.

41. Quoted in Pomeroy (1965), 391. On the continuing virtual obsession with Turner's frontier thesis among historians of the West, see Steiner (1995)

Chapter 11. Southern California.

I. Kraft and Leventhal (2002), 224-25, 230; Stevenson quoted in Neuenburg (1946), 190.

Z. Starr (1973), quoting Chase's 1913 book, California Coast Trails.

3. McWilliams (1946), 4-7,103.

4. McWilliams (1946), 91-92; Starr (1985), 13, 42-43; Jordan quoted in Pomeroy (1965),141.

5. Nugent and Ridge (1999), 93; McWilliams (1946), 119, 133; McClung (2000), 33.

6. Starr (1985), 7o; Jackson (1985), 250; Fogelson (1967), 89; Kahrl (1982), 93.

7. Starr (1985), 55.

8. Nugent (zoos), 92-93; Brechin (1999), 257; Tygiel (1994), 21; Birmingham (1980), 23-24; Gerald White, "California Oil Boom of the i86os: The Ordeal of Benjamin Silliman, Jr.," in Gressley (1966), 2-3.

9. Starr (1985),124; Nugent (200,), 210-12; Williams (1997), 6-7,127,130.

10. Williams (1997), 176, 195, 202-4, 216-17, 227, 272; Hobsbawm (1987), 347- i1. Jonnes (2004), 367; Meinig (2004), 49; Walker (2004), 99; Gordon (2004), 308; Lebergott (1984), 352, 424; Lotchin (2003), 61.

12. De Grazia (2005), 3.

13. Susman (1973), "Introduction"; 126-28.

14. Bureau of the Census figures cited in Fogelson (1967), 78; McWilliams (1946), 11314; Verge (1993),1-3; Starr (1997), 182.

15. Kahrl (1982), 260; Adams quoted in McWilliams (1946), 135; Starr (1990), 71-72, 81; Blevin quoted in Starr (1990), 70,177.

16. Pomeroy (1965), 396; Longstreth (1998), xv, 110, 152-53; Fogelson (1967), 143-45, 157; Williams (1997),157; Fulton (1997),72; Mumford quoted in Fulton (1997), 339.

17. Cohen (2004), 20-22; Leach (1993), xiii.

18. Leach (1993),16-17, 22,189.

19. Leach (1993), 340; Bruchey (1988),144,147;Judt (2005), 338 20. Marx (1964), 363, quoting Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby.

21. Sachs (1992),3-12, quoting various people and car advertis.e.m.e.nts; the quote at the paragraph's end is from Otto Julius Bierbaum, who auth.o.r.ed the first German-language book devoted to auto travel.

22. Dirlik (2001), Xii.

23. Bottles (1987), 93; Brilliant (1989), 202; Nugent (2001), 22, 225; Bean (1968), 378; Starr (1990), 79-80; d'Eramo (2002), 113; Brinkley (2003), 370; Jackson (1985), 161-63.

24. R. L. Duffus quoted in Pomeroy (1965),365- 25. Gordon (2004), 298; Susman (1973), 133-37; Ford quoted, p. 136; Schumpeter (1939), 262-70- 26. Hobsbawm (1969), 255.

27. Sachs (1992), 27, 42-45, 47-50- 28. Ross (1995),21-27,37-38,46.

29. Harootunian (2000), 44, 47-50, 258, 382.

30. McClung (2000),195.

31. Quoted in ibid. 196.