30 Smolar, Smolar, Ghetto Ghetto, 158; Projektgruppe, "Existiert," 231; Brakel, "Versorgung," 400-401. On the women and children, see Smilovitsky, "Antisemitism," 218.

31 On Zorin, see Slepyan, On Zorin, see Slepyan, Guerillas Guerillas, 209; and Epstein, Minsk Minsk, 24. On the raid, see Ehrenburg, Black Book Black Book, 135. On Rufeisen, see Matthaus, "Reibungslos," 254.

32 Tec, Tec, Defiance Defiance, 80, 82, 145, 185, quotation at 80; Slepyan, Guerillas Guerillas, 210; Musial, "Sowjetische," 185, 201-202.

33 On the 23,000 partisans and the "partisan republics," see Luck, "Partisanbekampfung," 231. On the civilians, see Brakel, On the 23,000 partisans and the "partisan republics," see Luck, "Partisanbekampfung," 231. On the civilians, see Brakel, Unter Rotem Stern Unter Rotem Stern, 290, 304; Szybieka, Historia Historia, 349; Slepyan, Guerillas Guerillas, 81; and Mironowicz, Biaoru Biaoru, 160. On the locomotives, see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 868.

34 Musial, Musial, Mythos Mythos, 189, 202; Luck, "Partisanbekampfung," 238; Ingrao, Cha.s.seurs Cha.s.seurs, 131; Verbrechen Verbrechen, 495.

35 Slepyan, Slepyan, Guerillas Guerillas, 17, 42.

36 Kravets and Gera.s.simova are quoted in Projektgruppe, "Existiert," 47, 126. For the use of "wh.o.r.e" as the standard mode of address, see Chiari, Kravets and Gera.s.simova are quoted in Projektgruppe, "Existiert," 47, 126. For the use of "wh.o.r.e" as the standard mode of address, see Chiari, Alltag Alltag, 256. On the game of hide-and-seek, see Projektgruppe, "Existiert," 164.

37 On 18 August, see Luck, "Partisanbekampfung," 232; and Westermann, "Ideological Soldiers," 57. On "special treatment," see Musial, On 18 August, see Luck, "Partisanbekampfung," 232; and Westermann, "Ideological Soldiers," 57. On "special treatment," see Musial, Mythos Mythos, 145. On the villagers to be destroyed "like Jews," see Luck, "Partisanbekampfung," 239.

38 Westermann, "Ideological Soldiers," 53, 54, 60; Gerlach, Westermann, "Ideological Soldiers," 53, 54, 60; Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 705, 919.

39 For the reckoning of 208,089 Jews killed in Belarus in 1942, see Brandon, "The Holocaust in 1942." This does not include the Biaystok region, which was part of the BSSR in 1939-1941 but not after the war. For the reckoning of 208,089 Jews killed in Belarus in 1942, see Brandon, "The Holocaust in 1942." This does not include the Biaystok region, which was part of the BSSR in 1939-1941 but not after the war.

40 On Gottberg, see Klein, "Ma.s.senmorder," 95-99. On Bach and for the numbers cited, see Luck, "Partisanbekampfung," 233, 239. On Gottberg, see Klein, "Ma.s.senmorder," 95-99. On Bach and for the numbers cited, see Luck, "Partisanbekampfung," 233, 239.

41 Stang, "Dirlew.a.n.ger," 66-70; Ingrao, Stang, "Dirlew.a.n.ger," 66-70; Ingrao, Cha.s.seurs Cha.s.seurs, 20-21, figure ("at least thirty thousand civilians") at 26, 132; Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 958; MacLean, Hunters Hunters, 28, 133.

42 On the kill quotas, see Gerlach, On the kill quotas, see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 890. On Operation Swamp Fever, see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 911-913, 930; Benz, Einsatz Einsatz, 239; Matthaus, "Reibungslos," 267; and Ingrao, Cha.s.seurs Cha.s.seurs, 34. On Jeckeln, see Brakel, Unter Rotem Stern Unter Rotem Stern, 295. On Hornung, see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 946; and Klein, "Ma.s.senmorder," 100.

43 Brakel, Brakel, Unter Rotem Stern Unter Rotem Stern, 304; Smilovitsky, "Antisemitism," 220. On the prewar communists, see Rein, "Local Collaborators," 394.

44 On the eight hundred policemen and militiamen, see Musial, On the eight hundred policemen and militiamen, see Musial, Mythos Mythos, 266. On the twelve thousand, see Mironowicz, Biaoru Biaoru, 160. See also Slepyan, Guerillas Guerillas, 209.

45 Szybieka, Szybieka, Historia Historia, 345, 352; Mironowicz, Biaoru Biaoru, 159.

46 On October 1942, see Nolte, "Partisan War," 274. On October 1942, see Nolte, "Partisan War," 274.

47 Klein, "Zwischen," 100. Klein, "Zwischen," 100.

48 On Operation Cottbus, see Gerlach, On Operation Cottbus, see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 948; Pohl, Herrschaft Herrschaft, 293; Musial, Mythos Mythos, 195; and Verbrechen Verbrechen, 492. On the swine, see Luck, "Partisanbekampfung," 241.

49 On Operation Hermann, see Musial, On Operation Hermann, see Musial, Mythos Mythos, 212; and Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 907.

50 On the shooting of 127 Poles, see Musial, On the shooting of 127 Poles, see Musial, Mythos Mythos, 210. See also Jasiewicz, Zagada Zagada , 264-265. , 264-265.

51 Brakel, Brakel, Unter Rotem Stern Unter Rotem Stern, 317; Gogun, Stalinskie komandos Stalinskie komandos, 144.

52 Shephard, "Wild East," 174; Angrick, Shephard, "Wild East," 174; Angrick, Einsatzgruppe D Einsatzgruppe D, 680-689. Quotation: Luck, "Partisanbekampfung," 242.

53 Birn, "Anti-Partisan Warfare," 291; see also, generally, Klein, "Zwischen," 96. Birn, "Anti-Partisan Warfare," 291; see also, generally, Klein, "Zwischen," 96.

54 Dallin, Dallin, Brigade Brigade, 8-58.

55 Chiari, Chiari, Alltag Alltag, 138; Szybieka, Historia Historia, 346; Mironowicz, Biaoru Biaoru, 148, 155.

56 Szybieka, Szybieka, Historia Historia, 346.

57 Musial, "Sowjetische," 183. Musial, "Sowjetische," 183.

58 On the figures cited ("fifteen thousand" and "ninety-two"), see Ingrao, On the figures cited ("fifteen thousand" and "ninety-two"), see Ingrao, Cha.s.seurs Cha.s.seurs , 36. For the figure of 5,295 localities, see Gerlach, , 36. For the figure of 5,295 localities, see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 943. On the 10,431 partisans reported shot, see Klee, Gott mit uns Gott mit uns, 55. On the diary, see Luck, "Partisanbekampfung," 239. See also Matthaus, "Reibungslos," 268.

59 Gerlach, Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 1158.

60 On the killing of 17,431 people as traitors, see On the killing of 17,431 people as traitors, see Musial Musial, Mythos, 261. On cla.s.s enemies, see Jasiewicz, Zagada Zagada, 264-265.

61 Gerlach, Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 1160. Chiari estimates that 276,000 Poles had been killed or moved by the end of the war; see Alltag Alltag, 306.

62 On the crematoria, see Gerlach, "Mogilev," 68. On Asgard, see Gerlach, On the crematoria, see Gerlach, "Mogilev," 68. On Asgard, see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde Kalkulierte Morde, 425.

63 Arad, Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 136-137.

CHAPTER 8: THE n.a.z.i DEATH FACTORIES.

1 Compare two fundamental works by one historian: Arad, Compare two fundamental works by one historian: Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, and Arad, Soviet Union. Soviet Union.

2 Quotation: Wa.s.ser, Quotation: Wa.s.ser, Raumplannung Raumplannung, 61, also 77. On the special status of Lublin, see Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 14; Musia, "Przypadek," 24; and Dwork, Auschwitz Auschwitz, 290. On the implementation of Generalplan Ost known as the "Zamo Action," see Autuchiewicz, "Stan," 71; Aly, Architects Architects, 275; and Tooze, Wages of Destruction Wages of Destruction, 468. On the date cited (13 October 1941), see Pohl, "Znaczenie," 45.

3 Browning, Browning, Origins Origins, 419; Rieger, Globocnik Globocnik, 60.

4 On the lack of personnel, see Musia, "Przypadek," 31. On German preferences, see Black, "Handlanger," 315. On the lack of personnel, see Musia, "Przypadek," 31. On German preferences, see Black, "Handlanger," 315.

5 Browning, Browning, Origins Origins, 419; Black, "Handlanger," 320.

6 Evans, Evans, Third Reich at War Third Reich at War, 84-90.

7 Quotation: Gerlach, "Wannsee," 782. See also Rie, "Wirth," 244; Pohl, "Znaczenie," 45; and Poprzeczny, Quotation: Gerlach, "Wannsee," 782. See also Rie, "Wirth," 244; Pohl, "Znaczenie," 45; and Poprzeczny, Globocnik Globocnik, 163. On Wirth's role, see Black, "Prosty," 105; and Scheffler, "Probleme," 270, 276. The "euthanasia" program continued, with greater stealth, now with the use of lethal injections and drug overdoses. Tens of thousands more Germans were killed in the years to come.

8 Kershaw, Kershaw, Final Solution Final Solution, 71; Mazower, Hitler's Empire Hitler's Empire, 191 and pa.s.sim.

9 Quotation: Kershaw, Quotation: Kershaw, Final Solution Final Solution, 66. See also, generally, Mallmann, "Rozwiza," 85-95, date at 95; Horwitz, Ghettostadt Ghettostadt, 154; and Friedlander, Origins Origins, 314-318. On Lange, see Friedlander, Origins Origins, 286; and Kershaw, Final Solution Final Solution, 71.

10 According to Arad, Wirth was responsible for the design; see According to Arad, Wirth was responsible for the design; see Reinhard Reinhard, 24.

11 See Pohl, See Pohl, Ostgalizien Ostgalizien; and Sandkuhler, Galizien. Galizien.

12 Arad, Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 44, 56; Mynarczyk, Judenmord Judenmord, 252, 257. On 14 March, see Rieger, Globocnik Globocnik, 108. On the 1,600 Jews who lacked labor doc.u.ments, see Poprzeczny, Globocnik Globocnik, 226.

13 Mynarczyk, Mynarczyk, Judenmord Judenmord, 260.

14 On the daily quotas and more generally, see Mynarczyk, On the daily quotas and more generally, see Mynarczyk, Judenmord Judenmord, 260; and Pohl, Verfolgung Verfolgung, 94.

15 For the figure 434,508, see Witte, "New Doc.u.ment," 472. Pohl counts three survivors; see For the figure 434,508, see Witte, "New Doc.u.ment," 472. Pohl counts three survivors; see Verfolgung Verfolgung, 95. On Wirth, see Black, "Prosty," 104. The commander of Beec as of August 1942 was Gottlieb Hering.

16 On Cracow, see Grynberg, On Cracow, see Grynberg, ycie ycie, 3; Pohl, Verfolgung Verfolgung, 89; and Hecht, Memories Memories, 66.

17 Pohl, Pohl, Verfolgung Verfolgung, 95.

18 On 17 April, see Pohl, "Znaczenie," 49. On 1 June, see "Oboz zagady," 134. On 17 April, see Pohl, "Znaczenie," 49. On 1 June, see "Oboz zagady," 134.

19 Grabher, Grabher, Eberl Eberl, 70, 74.

20 On Frank, see Arad, On Frank, see Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 46; Berenstein, "Praca," 87; and Kershaw, Final Solution Final Solution, 106. On the Trawniki men, see Mynarczyk, "Akcja," 55.

21 Quotation: Longerich, Quotation: Longerich, Himmler Himmler, 588.

22 Friedlander, Friedlander, Extermination Extermination, 349.

23 Gerlach, "Wannsee," 791. See also Pohl, "Znaczenie," 49. Gerlach, "Wannsee," 791. See also Pohl, "Znaczenie," 49.

24 Tooze, Tooze, Wages of Destruction Wages of Destruction, 365, 549.

25 Gutman, Gutman, Resistance Resistance, 198. Compare Aly, Architects Architects, 211.

26 Quotation: Witte, "New Doc.u.ment," 477. Quotation: Witte, "New Doc.u.ment," 477.

27 Arad, Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 61; Mynarczyk, "Akcja," 55; Urynowicz, "Zagada," 108; Friedlander, Extermination Extermination, 428; Hilburg, "Ghetto," 108. On the promised bread and marmalade, see Berenstein, "Praca," 142. Quotation: FVA 2327.

28 Engelking, Engelking, Getto Getto, 661-665; Gutman, Resistance Resistance, 142.

29 Urynowicz, "Zagada," 108-109; Trunk, Urynowicz, "Zagada," 108-109; Trunk, Judenrat Judenrat, 507.

30 Urynowicz, "Zagada," 109-111. See also Gutman, Urynowicz, "Zagada," 109-111. See also Gutman, Resistance Resistance, 142.

31 On Korczak, see Ka.s.sow, On Korczak, see Ka.s.sow, History History, 268; and Friedlander, Extermination Extermination, 429. Quotation: Engelking, Getto Getto, 676.

32 For the cited figures, see Friedlander, For the cited figures, see Friedlander, Extermination Extermination, 230. Higher estimates are in Drozdowski, "History," 192 (315,000), and Bartoszewski, Warszawski piercie Warszawski piercie, 195 (310,322).

33 "Treblinka," 174. On the payment "in kind," see Trunk, "Treblinka," 174. On the payment "in kind," see Trunk, Judenrat Judenrat, 512.

34 On the sweat, see Arad, On the sweat, see Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 64. On the fields and forests, see Wdowinski, Saved Saved, 69.

35 On Wiernik, see Kopowka, On Wiernik, see Kopowka, Treblinka Treblinka, 28.

36 Arad, Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 81; Mlynarczyk, "Treblinka," 266; "Oboz zagady," 141; Krolikowski, "Budowaem," 49.

37 On 22 August, see Evans, On 22 August, see Evans, Third Reich at War Third Reich at War, 290. On 23 August, see Mlynarczyk, "Treblinka," 262. On 24 August, see Wiernik, Year Year, 8. On 25 August, see Krzepicki, "Treblinka," 98. On 26 August, see Shoah 02694, in FVA. Stangl quotation (21 August): Sereny, Darkness Darkness, 157.

38 Arad, Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 87.

39 Wdowinski, Wdowinski, Saved Saved, 78; Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 65.

40 Stangl quotation: Arad, Stangl quotation: Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 186.

41 On Franz, see Arad, On Franz, see Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 189; Kopowka, Treblinka Treblinka, 32; Glazar, Falle Falle, 118; and "Treblinka," 194.

42 On the Polish government, see Libionka, "ZWZ-AK," 36-53. On the contemplated attack, see Libionka, "Polska konspiracja," 482. On the postcards, see Hilberg, "Judenrat," 34. On the postal service, see Sakowska, On the Polish government, see Libionka, "ZWZ-AK," 36-53. On the contemplated attack, see Libionka, "Polska konspiracja," 482. On the postcards, see Hilberg, "Judenrat," 34. On the postal service, see Sakowska, Ludzie Ludzie, 312.

43 On the "clinic," see "Oboz zagady," 137; Glazar, On the "clinic," see "Oboz zagady," 137; Glazar, Falle Falle, 51; Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 122; and Mlynarczyk, "Treblinka," 267. On the "station," see "Oboz zagady," 137; Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 123; and Willenberg, Revolt Revolt, 96. On the orchestra, see "Tremblinki," 40; and "Treblinka," 193. On the Yiddish, see Krzepicki, "Treblinka," 89.

44 "Treblinka," 178; Arad, "Treblinka," 178; Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 37; Mlynarczyk, "Treblinka," 269. On the rapes, see Willenberg, Revolt Revolt, 105.

45 Arad, Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 108; Mynarczyk, "Treblinka," 267; Willenberg, Revolt Revolt, 65.

46 Arad, Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 119; Mlynarczyk, "Treblinka," 259, 269.

47 Kopowka, Kopowka, Treblinka Treblinka, 34; Mlynarczyk, "Treblinka," 263, 269. On the "metamorphosis," see Rajchman, Le dernier Juif Le dernier Juif, 88.

48 Rajgrodzki, "W obozie zagady," 107. Arad, Rajgrodzki, "W obozie zagady," 107. Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 174. On the Germans warming themselves, see Wiernik, Year Year, 29. On the women naked in the cold, see Rajchman, Le dernier Juif Le dernier Juif, 96.

49 For "It's no use," see Rajchman, For "It's no use," see Rajchman, Le dernier Juif Le dernier Juif, 33. On the embrace and Ruth Dorfmann, see Willenberg, Revolt Revolt, 56, 65.

50 On the local economy, see Willenberg, On the local economy, see Willenberg, Revolt Revolt, 30; and Rusiniak, Oboz Oboz, 26. On "Europe," see Rusiniak, Oboz Oboz, 27.

51 Friedlander, Friedlander, Extermination Extermination, 598. On Stalingrad, see Rajgrodzki, "W obozie zagady," 109.

52 On the dismantling, see Arad, On the dismantling, see Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 373. On Operation Harvest Festival (Erntefest), see Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 366. Some 15,000 Biaystok Jews were also shot; see Bender, "Biaystok," 25.

53 The sources of the Treblinka count are Witte, "New Doc.u.ment," 472, which provides the Germans' count for 1942 of 713,555 (intercepted by the British); and Mynarczyk, "Treblinka," 281, which supplies a 1943 reckoning of 67,308. For the Radom estimate, see Mynarczyk, The sources of the Treblinka count are Witte, "New Doc.u.ment," 472, which provides the Germans' count for 1942 of 713,555 (intercepted by the British); and Mynarczyk, "Treblinka," 281, which supplies a 1943 reckoning of 67,308. For the Radom estimate, see Mynarczyk, Judenmord Judenmord, 275. Wiernik claims that there were two transports of (uncirc.u.mcised) Poles; see Year Year, 35. "Oboz zagady," a report published in Warsaw in early 1946, gives the estimate 731,600, and provides much basic information.

54 Rusiniak, Rusiniak, Oboz Oboz, 20.

55 Kamenec, "Holocaust," 200-201; Kamenec, "Deportation," 116, 123, figure at 130. Kamenec, "Holocaust," 200-201; Kamenec, "Deportation," 116, 123, figure at 130.

56 Hilberg, Hilberg, Destruction Destruction (vol. III), 939, 951; Browning, (vol. III), 939, 951; Browning, Origins Origins, 421.

57 Compare Brandon, "Holocaust in 1942"; Dwork, Compare Brandon, "Holocaust in 1942"; Dwork, Auschwitz Auschwitz, 326.

58 Pohl, Pohl, Verfolgung Verfolgung, 107; Hilberg, Destruction Destruction (vol. III), 959; Stark, (vol. III), 959; Stark, Hungarian Jews Hungarian Jews, 30; Dugoborski, "ydzi," 147.

59 Although we know the number of dead in these facilities with some precision, the precise number of Polish Jews is difficult to extract from the larger figure. Although Treblinka, Sobibor, and Beec were primarily killing centers for the Polish Jews of the General Government, other people also died in these three places, especially in 1943: Czechoslovak Jews, German Jews, Dutch Jews, French Jews, as well as Poles and Roma. Although we know the number of dead in these facilities with some precision, the precise number of Polish Jews is difficult to extract from the larger figure. Although Treblinka, Sobibor, and Beec were primarily killing centers for the Polish Jews of the General Government, other people also died in these three places, especially in 1943: Czechoslovak Jews, German Jews, Dutch Jews, French Jews, as well as Poles and Roma.

60 On the Roma, see Pohl, On the Roma, see Pohl, Verfolgung Verfolgung, 113-116; Evans, Third Reich at War Third Reich at War, 72-73, 531-535; and Klein, "Gottberg," 99.

61 For the "wonderful song," see Glazar, 57. On music as "revolutionary," see Rajgrodzki, "W obozie zagady," 109. On "el male rachamim," see Arad, For the "wonderful song," see Glazar, 57. On music as "revolutionary," see Rajgrodzki, "W obozie zagady," 109. On "el male rachamim," see Arad, Reinhard Reinhard, 216.