[Ill.u.s.tration: P Prince Prayer P R Regan R Raymond R]

The letters in which the capital stem, or 7th principle, forms a leading part, may be grouped as follows:

[Ill.u.s.tration: H. K. F. T. S. S. G.]

In the H and K, the capital stem is almost straight on the down stroke, in the F and T it is little more of a wave line, and in S and L the line is much of a compound or double curve.

[Ill.u.s.tration: H Hand Hunter Hinder K Kingdom Ky.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: F Famine Fremont T Tenement Troy]

[Ill.u.s.tration: S Sumpter St. S Sarimore G Grammar]

The capital I, and also the J, which is a modified I, are sometimes cla.s.sed among the capital stem letters, from the resemblance of the I to this principle in all but the top.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Independence Jamestown Inkerman Judgment]

The capital loop, or 8th principle, is found as an essential element in:

[Ill.u.s.tration: M. N. X. W. Q. Z. V. U. Y.]

In the capital loop, or 8th principle, another oval may be made within the large turn at the top, but for practical purposes the letter is perhaps better without it, and may be simplified even more, as in the N below.

[Ill.u.s.tration: M Monumental N Nathaniel X Xenophon]

[Ill.u.s.tration: W Writing Q Quay Quack J J Jones J J]

[Ill.u.s.tration: V Value Valuable U Union Y Youthful]

FIGURES.

Make figures small, neat, and of form exact. Each figure must show for itself, and cannot be known by those which precede or follow it, as is the case with letters. The common tendency is to make figures too large and coa.r.s.e. Mind the ovals in figures and have them full and round. The chief excellence of the zero lies in its roundness; the 3, 5, 6 or 9, without care in making the ovals, may degenerate into a straight line, or simply a meaningless hook, which it would hardly be safe to use in expressing sums of money, ordering goods, or the transaction of other business.

[Ill.u.s.tration: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 $ # % a/c 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0]

[Ill.u.s.tration: COPIES FOR PRACTICE.]

COPIES FOR PRACTICE

Having proceeded thus far in the study and practice of writing, and having obtained the proper control of the pen through the movement exercises, all that is necessary now in order to secure a good handwriting, is continued and well-directed practice.

[Ill.u.s.tration:

$1100.00 Chicago, Jan. 10./80.

Due Henry Harrington, on order, Eleven Hundred Dollars in Merchandise, value rec'd No. 43. Newton P. Kelley, Sr.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: Ornamental Penmanship.]

ORNAMENTAL PENMANSHIP

Charming and fascinating are the graceful and harmonious curves produced, when, wielded by some trained and skillful hand, the pen becomes an instrument of beauty. As by the power of speech, men may pa.s.s from the common tone of conversation up to the melodious strains of music, or may soar in flights of oratory into the sublime, until the mult.i.tude is entranced; so the capabilities of the pen are not limited to the common uses of life, but may take on forms of beauty in elegant outlines of bird, or landscape, or graceful swan or bounding stag.

Ornamental writing is not a practical art, and has no connection whatever with the practical business of life. It is in the realm of poetry. The imagery of graceful outlines must first be seen by a poetic imagination. While the great ma.s.ses may acquire a good style of plain, practical penmanship, few have the necessary conception of mind, combined with the skill and dexterity of hand to become successful ornamental penmen.

The ornamental pages which follow are given, not as models for imitation or practice by the learner, but merely to show the possibilities of the pen in the hand of a master, and as a fitting closing to this, our chapter on penmanship.

To any one who may have an artistic quality of mind, and delights in beautiful lines and harmonious curves, these pages of ornamental penmanship will serve as models for practice and imitation, and every attempt at such an exercise as the one on this, or the following pages, will give greater strength and freedom of movement, and better command of the pen, so that it will conduce to an easy, flowing and elegant style of plain business writing, while affording a most pleasant and profitable employment in the cultivation of the taste.

Various beautiful designs or pictures may be made with the pen, in the hands of one that possesses the skill of a penman and the eye of an artist.

[Ill.u.s.tration]

[Ill.u.s.tration: HOW TO WRITE A BUSINESS LETTER.]

HOW TO WRITE A BUSINESS LETTER

Considering the vast amount of business transacted by correspondence between the parties, Letter Writing seems only second in importance to bookkeeping. The merchant of the smaller cities or towns, perhaps in the far west, desires to order articles of merchandise from the wholesale house in New York or Boston. Possibly a remittance is to be sent. It may be that an error has occurred and needs correction.

Credit is to be asked, references given, and a mult.i.tude of other matters call for adjustment through correspondence. To write every conceivable variety and shade of meaning, expressing the proper thought in the most fitting and appropriate language, is indeed a rare and valuable accomplishment. And when the proper language takes on the graceful and businesslike air of the well written letter, with its several parts harmoniously arranged, it is a combination of brain and skill which can hardly be overestimated.

[Ill.u.s.tration]

This subject, therefore, naturally divides itself into two parts: _The Mechanical Structure_, and the _Literature of a Letter_. The former of these being the less difficult will be first considered.

THE STRUCTURE OF A BUSINESS LETTER.

Consists in the arrangement of its several parts, with a view to the most harmonious effect. Excellent penmanship is very desirable, but not absolutely essential. The penmanship may indeed be poor, but the arrangement of the several parts of the letter, the neatness, and finish, may be such as to give it an attractive appearance, while on the other hand, the letter may be clothed in the most elegant penmanship, and yet the construction be such as to stamp its author as a careless and indifferent person, devoid of precision and order.

No one great thing, but many little things carefully watched, and attentively practiced, make up the structure and dress of a business letter, and give it a businesslike air. The penmanship should be a neat, strong hand, very plain and legible, and devoid of all flourish.

PAPER AND ENVELOPE.

The paper and envelopes used in business correspondence should be of a good, durable quality, and a white color is preferable. Cheap materials are not only unsatisfactory to the writer, but may give the reader an unfavorable impression, which would be an injury far exceeding the cost of the best stationery for a life time. Persons form impressions from very little things sometimes.

The size of a letter sheet in business correspondence should be about 8x10 inches. This sheet affords a sufficient s.p.a.ce for a communication of ordinary length to be written on one side only, which is essential in case the letter is copied in a letter press. A sheet of paper, note size, (5x8) is oftentimes used for brief communications of no special importance, and not designed to be filed for future reference. Among professional men the commercial note sheet is more extensively used, but with business men the letter size is considered preferable.