[Ill.u.s.tration: uuuuuuuuuuu]

In all movement exercises the third and fourth fingers should slide on the paper, and the finger movement should be carefully avoided. The different movements having been practiced, they may now be combined in various forms.

[Ill.u.s.tration: u u u u u n n n n n]

Lateral and rolling movement combined. Vertical movement and rolling movement combined.

[Ill.u.s.tration: t t t]

Do not shade the circles. Lines should be parallel.

Movement exercises may be multiplied almost indefinitely by studying the forms used in writing and their combinations. Repeating many of the small letters, such as m, u, e, r, s, a, d, h and c, also capitals D, J, P, etc., forms an excellent exercise for the learner.

PRINCIPLES IN WRITING.

In order to enable the learner to examine, a.n.a.lyze and criticise his writing, the following principles are given as his standards of measurements and form. By combining them in various ways the essential part of all letters in the alphabet may be formed.

[Ill.u.s.tration: (eight common strokes)]

The principles must be first carefully studied, and separated into the primary lines which compose them and the form of each principle well understood. The student may then form a scale like the one following, by dividing the distance between the blue lines on the paper into four equal s.p.a.ces, with a lightly ruled line. The letters of the small alphabet should then be placed in the scale and the [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads 'hight'] height of each letter fixed in the mind.

[Ill.u.s.tration: (lowercase cursive alphabet)]

Notice that the contracted letters, or those which occupy only one s.p.a.ce, as a, m, n, o, s, v, w and e, and that part of d, g, h, q and y, found in the first s.p.a.ce, are all well rounded and developed.

These letters and parts of letters, found in the first s.p.a.ce, form the essential part of all writing, and therefore deserve especial care.

Also notice that the loop letters, above the line, such as b, f, h, k and l, extend two and one-half s.p.a.ces above the blue line, while the loop below the line, such as g, f, j, q, y and z, extend one and one-half s.p.a.ces below the blue line, thus two and one-half and one and one-half making the four s.p.a.ces of the scale, and the upper loops on one line will just meet the lower loops of the line above, but never conflict, to the destruction of neat body writing. Notice the type of the printer. The extensions above the shorter letters are quite insignificant, and are only used to save the letter from resembling some other letter of the alphabet. They never conflict, and how legible they are.

[Ill.u.s.tration: The Types. A Resemblance. An Absurdity.]

Besides, to make long loops, requires more time, and more power with the pen, while shorter loops are in every way easier to acquire, quicker, and better. Telegraph operators, some of whom are among our best business penmen, make all extended letters very short, while accountants, and business men, favor the style of short loops, well developed letters, and small capitals.

Apply the principles. Observe regularity. Muscular movement.

[Ill.u.s.tration: (v and u strokes)]

Down strokes straight. Up strokes curved.

[Ill.u.s.tration: (n and m strokes)]

Principle No. 1. Well formed loop.

[Ill.u.s.tration: (e and c strokes)]

These exercises should be practiced with the muscular movement, until they can be made with regularity and ease.

4th principle. Let 3d and 4th fingers slide. Notice the top.

[Ill.u.s.tration: (s and r strokes)]

O closed at top. No retracing.

[Ill.u.s.tration: (o and a strokes)]

Two s.p.a.ces high. Down stroke straight.

[Ill.u.s.tration: (l and d strokes)]

A rule in writing may be laid down, that all small letters should commence on the blue line, and end one s.p.a.ce high.

Discover the principles. Avoid retracing.

[Ill.u.s.tration: (g and q strokes)]

Notice form. In w, last part narrow. Make without raising the pen.

[Ill.u.s.tration: (v, w, and x strokes)]

Extend two s.p.a.ces above the line, and one below.

[Ill.u.s.tration: p p pppppp pump paper prepared pen]

Retracing is an error. The only exception to this is in d, t, p and x, where it becomes [Transcriber's Note: The original text reads 'neccessary']

necessary.

[Ill.u.s.tration: b b b blending blooming k k kick kicking hurt hint hand heart head hundred hhh f find fund fame flame flowers fumigate]

Upper loops have their crossing at the hight of one s.p.a.ce, while lower loops cross at the blue line.

[Ill.u.s.tration: y your youth y j journey joining rejoicing fs effs efffs afsure z zone zone zenith zzzzzz tune time tanner drum dime tttdddd]

Place the capital letters on the scale, a.n.a.lyze them according to principles 6, 7, and 8, and notice their relative proportions.

[Ill.u.s.tration: (uppercase cursive alphabet)]

In order to practice capital letters to advantage, as well as to study them, collect in a group or family all those letters which have some one form or principle as an essential part. Take first the 6th principle, or oval, and we group the letters as follows:

[Ill.u.s.tration: O. D. C. E. P. Q. R.]

The excellence of an oval depends largely on its fullness and roundness. No corners or flat sides.

Down strokes parallel.

Capital D is a Capital O with a knot on the lower corner.

[Ill.u.s.tration: O Olean Orleans Ohio Delia David Dahlia]

[Ill.u.s.tration: C Church Currency E Elucidate Economy]