De Candolle, 'Organogr.,' i, 396, t. 33. Turpin, 'Atlas de Goethe,' p. 65, t. 5, figs. 12, 13. Fenzl. 'Sitzungsbericht d.

k. Akad. d. Wissensch. Wien.,' heft, iii, tabs. 3, 4, _Rosa_.

Kirschleger, 'Flora,' 1845, 613, _Dianthus_, _Rosa_.

'Inst.i.tut.,' 1841, No. 413, p. 421, _Tragopogon_. Baron de Melicoq., 'Ann. Sc. Nat.,' 3rd ser., vol. v. 1846, p. 61, _Antirrhinum_. Reichenbach, 'Icon. Fl. Germ.,' tab. 100, _Reseda_--"monstrosa antic.i.p.atio Euphorbiacearum et Capparidearum." Duhamel, 'Phys. Arbres.,' liv. iii, cap. 3, p.

303, pl. xii, f. 306, _Rosa_. Caspary, 'Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.,'

vol. vi, 1859, p. 235, Rev. Bibl., _Pyrus_. Eichler, 'Flora,'

1865, tab. ix, _Cleome_. Lindley, 'Elements of Botany,' p. 63, &c., _Rosa_, _Epacris_, _Anagallis_, _Pyrus_. Irmish, 'Flora,'

1858, p. 38, _Pyrus_; and 'Bot. Zeit.,' xix, 1861, p. 342, _Hyacinthus_. Duchartre, 'Bull. Soc. Bot. France,' 1861, p.

451, _Rosa_. Weber, 'Verhandl. Nat. Hist. Verein. Rhein.

Preuss., &c.' 1858 et 1860. Landrin, 'Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Seine et Oise,' 1866?[145] Masters, 'Trans. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xxiii, p. 359, tab. 34 and p. 481, tab. 54.

=Prolification of the embryo.=--This term was applied by Moquin-Tandon to a peculiar condition of the almond (_Amygdalus_), in which, indeed, it is not of unfrequent occurrence. In these cases one almond encloses within its cotyledons a second embryo, and this, again, in some instances, a third, the little plants being thus packed like so many boxes one within the other. The supplementary embryos are, in the ripe state at least, quite separate and detached one from another. These cases differ from the ordinary instances wherein there is an increased number of embryos in one seed in their position. In the latter case, as often happens in the seeds of the orange, the new products are placed by the side one of another.[146]

For other cases of prolification or the advent.i.tious formation of buds on leaves, roots, &c., see under Heterotaxy.

FOOTNOTES:

[104] Linn., 'Prolepsis,' -- vii; Goethe, 'Metamorph.,' ---- 96, 103, 106.

[105] "Diaphysis inflorescentiarum." Engelmann, 'De Anthol.,' -- 85.

[106] 'Flora,' 1844, p. 565.

[107] 'Ann. Sc. Nat.,' ser. 3, vol. v, 1846, p. 64.

[108] 'Bot Zeit.,' vol. xx, p. 382.

[109] 'Miscel. Austriac. Bot.,' vol. i, Vindob, 1778, p. 133.

[110] "_Umbellati dum prolificantur, augent umbellulam, ut ex umbellula simplici altera exeat_." 'Linn. Phil. Bot.,' -- 124.

[111] 'En. Euphorb.,' p. 36.

[112] Meisner. 'Mon. Gen. _Polygoni_ Prodrom.,' p. 20, tab. v, considers the bulbils of this plant to be modifications of the pedicels of the flower.

[113] See A. Braun. 'Ann. Scienc. Nat.,' 4th series, 1860, vol. xiv, p.

13.

[114] "_Prolificatio e latere ex calyci communi proles plurimos pedunculatos emittens, fit in compositis aggregatis proprie dictis._"

'Linn. Phil. Bot.,' -- 124.

[115] 'Bot. Zeit.,' 1857, p. 873. See also 'Verhandl. Nat. Hist.

Vereins. Preuss. Rheinl. u. Westphal.,' 1854, t. ix.

[116] "Pannicula spicatim sparsa onusta innumera foetura herbaceorum flosculorum racematim cohaerentium," 'Lobel. Stirp. Hist.,' p. 163. This is the "Besome Plantain, or Plantain with spoky tufts," of Ray, 'Synopsis,' p. 314. Gerard's 'Herbal,' Ed. Johnson, p. 420. Parkinson, 'Theat. Bot.,' p. 494. Baxter, 'Loudon. Mag. Nat. Hist.,' vol. ix. p.

204, and vol. iii, p. 482. fig. 118.

[117] 'Flora.' 1856. p. 706.

[118] 'Flora of Berwick-on-Tweed,' vol. i. p. 38.

[119] 'Adansonia,' vol. iv. 1864, p. 150, tab. vii. 'Gard. Chron.,'

November 19th, 1864.

[120] 'Ann. Sc. Nat.,' ser. 3, tom. ii, p. 290; and 'Adansonia,' iii, tab. iv; see also Bureau, in 'Bull. Soc. Bot. France,' x, p. 191.

[121] Baillon, 'Adansonia,' i, 286.

[122] See also figure in 'Hort. Eystett. Ic. Plant. Vern.,' fol. 15, fig. 1. _Ranunculus asiaticus_.

[123] Duchartre, 'Ann. des sc. nat.,' 3me serie, vol. ii, 1844, p. 293.

[124] Reissek, 'Linnaea,' vol. xvii, 1843, p. 641, tab. xix.

[125] The tube of the calyx in these specimens was traversed by ten ribs, apparently corresponding to the primary ridges of the normal fruit; these ribs were dest.i.tute of spines, and the bristly secondary ridges were entirely absent. Those portions of the carpels which were detached from the calyx had each three ribs, a central and two lateral ones, which appeared to be continuous with the ribs of the calyx below,--although in the case of the calyx there were ten, in the case of the carpels six ribs, three to each. This diversity in number is thus explained:--A circle of vascular tissue ran round the interior of the calyx-tube, at its junction with the limb, and at the point of insertion of the petals and stamens. The vascular circle seemed to be formed from the confluence of the ten ribs from below. Of the five ribs in each half of the calyx, the three central ones were joined together just at the point of confluence with the vascular circle, above which they formed but a single rib--that traversing the centre of the carpellary leaf; the two lateral ribs of each half of the calyx seemed to be continuous, above the vascular rim, with the lateral ribs of the carpel; these lateral ribs were connected on either side with the central one by short branches of communication. The disposition of the ten ribs may be thus represented:--

1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

The lower line of figures represents the calycine ribs, the middle row shows how each of these ribs is divided at the vascular rim, and the uppermost row shows their distribution above the rim. From this it will be seen that six of the calycine ribs divide into three branches, one prolonged upwards as a lateral or median rib into the carpellary leaf, the other running horizontally to join with similar branches sent out from the neighbouring rib; the four intermediate calycine ribs divide into two branches only, which join the side branches of the first mentioned, but have no direct upward prolongation into the carpel. The ten ridges are placed opposite to the sepals and petals.

[126] 'Neue Denkschriften der allgemeine Schweizerischen Gesellschaft,'

band 5. 1841. tab. 2.

[127] Bell Salter, 'Gard. Chron.,' March 13th, 1847, and 'Ann. Nat.

Hist.,' 1847, vol. xix, p. 471. &c.

[128] 'The Origin and Production of Proliferous Flowers, with the Culture at large for raising Double Flowers from Single, and Proliferous from the Double.' By J. Hill, M.D. London, 1759.

[129] A. de Candolle, 'Neue Denkschriften,' op. cit., p. 9; also Unger as cited in 'Botanical Gazette,' May, 1351. p. 70.

[130] Duchartre, op. cit.

[131] 'Ann. Sc. Nat.,' 1844, vol. i, p. 297.

[132] Maout, 'Lecons Elementaires de Botanique,' vol. ii. p. 488; Ferrari. 'Hesperides.' pls. 271, 315, 405.

[133] Moquin-Tandon, loc. cit., p. 386, &c.; see also Trecul, in the 'Bull. Soc. Bot. France,' tom. i, p, 307.

[134] 'Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.,' 1863, vol. x, p. 461.

[135] 'Ann. Sc. Nat.,' 1835, p. 65. See also Le Maout, 'Lecons Element.,' vol. ii, p. 426.

[136] 'Proc. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i, p. 39, fig. 2.

[137] See also 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1865, p. 377.

[138] 'Acad. Roy. Belg.,' April 11th. 1863.

[139] 'Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.,' tom. iii, 1856, p. 479.