30. Hw.a.n.g Jang-yop, Hw.a.n.g Jang-yop, Problems of Human Rights (2). Problems of Human Rights (2).

31. Ibid. Ibid.

32. Ibid. Ibid.

33. Tak, Kim and Pak, Tak, Kim and Pak, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, vol. I, pp. 5051. vol. I, pp. 5051.

34. The True Story of Kim Jong Il, The True Story of Kim Jong Il, p. 59. p. 59.

35. Hw.a.n.g Jang-yop, Hw.a.n.g Jang-yop, Problems of Human Rights (2). Problems of Human Rights (2).

36. People's Korea People's Korea (a Chongryon newspaper in Tokyo), September 16, 1995, quoting a September 1, 1995, dispatch by Pyongyang's Korean Central News Agency. (a Chongryon newspaper in Tokyo), September 16, 1995, quoting a September 1, 1995, dispatch by Pyongyang's Korean Central News Agency.

37. Interview with Kim Ji-il, who defected to South Korea in 1990 while pursuing graduate studies in physics in Kharkov, Ukraine. Interview with Kim Ji-il, who defected to South Korea in 1990 while pursuing graduate studies in physics in Kharkov, Ukraine.

38. Choe In Su, Choe In Su, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Il, vol. I, pp. 298301. vol. I, pp. 298301.

39. Adrian Buzo makes the comparison regarding the two older men in Adrian Buzo makes the comparison regarding the two older men in The Guerilla Dynasty: Politics and Leadership in North Korea The Guerilla Dynasty: Politics and Leadership in North Korea (St. Leonards, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1999), p. 43 and fn. 34. (St. Leonards, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1999), p. 43 and fn. 34.

40. See Choe In Su, See Choe In Su, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Il, vol. I, pp. 261267. vol. I, pp. 261267.

41. Ibid., pp. 311316. Ibid., pp. 311316.

42. Ibid., pp. 323326. Ibid., pp. 323326.

43. See, e.g., the photo facing p. 80 in Tak, Kim and Pak, See, e.g., the photo facing p. 80 in Tak, Kim and Pak, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, vol. I. vol. I.

44. Kang Myong-do testimony in Kang Myong-do testimony in JoongAng Ilbo, JoongAng Ilbo, April 12, 1995. April 12, 1995.

45. Tak, Kim, and Pak, Tak, Kim, and Pak, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, vol. I, p. 90. vol. I, p. 90.

46. Choe In Su, Choe In Su, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Il, vol. I, pp. 218223. vol. I, pp. 218223.

47. Ibid., pp. 317319. Ibid., pp. 317319.

48. Among the other officials who lived in the neighborhood Among the other officials who lived in the neighborhood 'were 'were Choe Yong-gon, Kim Il, Kim Dong-kyu, Im Chun-chu, Pak Song-chol, Li Jong-ok, Kim Chang-bong, Chon Mun-sop and Ji Kyong-soo. Choe Yong-gon, Kim Il, Kim Dong-kyu, Im Chun-chu, Pak Song-chol, Li Jong-ok, Kim Chang-bong, Chon Mun-sop and Ji Kyong-soo.

49. Among the young people at Choe Yong-hae's home that day, I was told, were Choe Young-sook, daughter of Choe Yong-gon; Pak Choon-sik and Pak Choon-hoon, sons of Pak Song-chol; Ji Kw.a.n.g-jae and Ji Kw.a.n.g-hwa, children of Ji Kyong-soo; plus the young men's girlfriends. Among the young people at Choe Yong-hae's home that day, I was told, were Choe Young-sook, daughter of Choe Yong-gon; Pak Choon-sik and Pak Choon-hoon, sons of Pak Song-chol; Ji Kw.a.n.g-jae and Ji Kw.a.n.g-hwa, children of Ji Kyong-soo; plus the young men's girlfriends.

50. "S. Korean Agent Reports North Has Executed at Least 50 Officials in Purge," Seoul-datelined dispatch from Agence France-Presse. "S. Korean Agent Reports North Has Executed at Least 50 Officials in Purge," Seoul-datelined dispatch from Agence France-Presse.

51. Choe In Su, Choe In Su, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Il, vol. I, pp. 331333. vol. I, pp. 331333.

52. Ibid., pp. 333336. Ibid., pp. 333336.

53. Ibid., pp. 337340. Ibid., pp. 337340.

54. Ibid., pp. 341346. Ibid., pp. 341346.

55. According to According to The True Story of Kim Jong Il, The True Story of Kim Jong Il, p. 65, the thesis was published in full in the party theoretical journal, p. 65, the thesis was published in full in the party theoretical journal, Kulloja Kulloja (Worker), .March 1985 issue. (Worker), .March 1985 issue.

56. Kim Kyeh-won, "Bulgarian Envoy Recalls Memories of Kim Jong-il," Kim Kyeh-won, "Bulgarian Envoy Recalls Memories of Kim Jong-il," Korea Herald, Korea Herald, January 16, 1991. January 16, 1991.

12. Growing Pains.

1. Songbun Songbun is discussed in Armstrong, is discussed in Armstrong, The North Korean Revolution The North Korean Revolution (see chap. 1, n. 8), pp. (see chap. 1, n. 8), pp. 7174; 7174; and in Helen Louise Hunter, and in Helen Louise Hunter, Kim Il-song's North Korea Kim Il-song's North Korea (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1999), chap. 1 ff. The latter book is a decla.s.sified Central Intelligence Agency study originally done in the early 1980s. (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1999), chap. 1 ff. The latter book is a decla.s.sified Central Intelligence Agency study originally done in the early 1980s.

2. I interviewed Ahn in August 1996. I interviewed Ahn in August 1996.

13. Take the Lead in World Conjuring.

1. Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Il, Some Problems Arising in the Creation of Masterpieces Some Problems Arising in the Creation of Masterpieces (Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1989), p. 4. (Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1989), p. 4.

2. Kim Jong-min, quoted by Cho Gap-jae in "Interview of Former High-level Official of DPRK Ministry of Public Security Who Defected to South Korea" (see chap. 6, n. 88). Kim Jong-min, quoted by Cho Gap-jae in "Interview of Former High-level Official of DPRK Ministry of Public Security Who Defected to South Korea" (see chap. 6, n. 88).

3. Tak, Kim and Pak, Tak, Kim and Pak, Great Leader Kim Jong Il Great Leader Kim Jong Il (see chap. 5, n. 15), vol. 1, p. 108. (see chap. 5, n. 15), vol. 1, p. 108.

4. Kim Myong Chol, "Biography of an Infant Prodigy," Kim Myong Chol, "Biography of an Infant Prodigy," Far Eastern Economic Review, Far Eastern Economic Review, March 5, 1982. An informal spokesman for North Korea in j.a.pan, Kim Myong Chol at the time he wrote this article was editor of the pro-Pyongyang Tokyo weekly March 5, 1982. An informal spokesman for North Korea in j.a.pan, Kim Myong Chol at the time he wrote this article was editor of the pro-Pyongyang Tokyo weekly People's Korea. People's Korea. He had translated Baik Bong's Kim Il-sung biography into English. He is not to be confused with the ex-bodyguard defector of the same name. He had translated Baik Bong's Kim Il-sung biography into English. He is not to be confused with the ex-bodyguard defector of the same name.

5. Cho Gap-jae, "Interview of Former High-level Official" (Interviewer paraphrases Kim Jong-min's remarks:) "Since the 1970s, Kim Jong-il began to prepare all-out to become his father's successor. As such, his relationships with those surrounding him became rigid. Meetings between him and [Kim Jong-min] also became infrequent." Cho Gap-jae, "Interview of Former High-level Official" (Interviewer paraphrases Kim Jong-min's remarks:) "Since the 1970s, Kim Jong-il began to prepare all-out to become his father's successor. As such, his relationships with those surrounding him became rigid. Meetings between him and [Kim Jong-min] also became infrequent."

6. See Scalapino and Lee, See Scalapino and Lee, Communism in Korea Communism in Korea (see chap. 2, n. 28), pp. 608612. (see chap. 2, n. 28), pp. 608612.

7. Tak, Kim and Pak, Tak, Kim and Pak, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, pp. 109110. The authors continue that Kim Jong-il "thought that establishing a revolutionary view of the leader among Party members was the key to closing the ranks of struggle for the revolution." Thus, he "developed an original theory on the Juche-oriented view of the leader." pp. 109110. The authors continue that Kim Jong-il "thought that establishing a revolutionary view of the leader among Party members was the key to closing the ranks of struggle for the revolution." Thus, he "developed an original theory on the Juche-oriented view of the leader."

8. Hw.a.n.g Jang-yop, Hw.a.n.g Jang-yop, Problems of Human Rights (1) Problems of Human Rights (1) (see chap 2, n. 1). (see chap 2, n. 1).

9. Kang Myong-do testimony in Kang Myong-do testimony in JoongAng Ilbo, JoongAng Ilbo, April 12, 1995. April 12, 1995.

10. A memoir credited to a purged North Korean official and published posthumously in Seoul in 1989 said the author in the course of his work in Pyongyang had access to a file of newspaper clippings from the pre-1945 period. In them, the author said, was an account in the leading newspaper A memoir credited to a purged North Korean official and published posthumously in Seoul in 1989 said the author in the course of his work in Pyongyang had access to a file of newspaper clippings from the pre-1945 period. In them, the author said, was an account in the leading newspaper Dong-A Ilbo Dong-A Ilbo of Kim Yong-ju's capture in 1938. Broken by the authorities, he supposedly signed a pledge of loyalty to the j.a.panese and went to work for them as an interpreter. Other accounts say Yong-ju worked for U.S. intelligence. For a discussion of all of those accounts see of Kim Yong-ju's capture in 1938. Broken by the authorities, he supposedly signed a pledge of loyalty to the j.a.panese and went to work for them as an interpreter. Other accounts say Yong-ju worked for U.S. intelligence. For a discussion of all of those accounts see The True Story of Kim Jong-il, The True Story of Kim Jong-il, pp. 6778. The account cites Ko Bong-ki, pp. 6778. The account cites Ko Bong-ki, Posthumous Ma.n.u.scripts Posthumous Ma.n.u.scripts (Seoul: Chunma Printing House, 1989); Lee Yong-sang, "My Friend Kim Yong-ju," (Seoul: Chunma Printing House, 1989); Lee Yong-sang, "My Friend Kim Yong-ju," JoongAng Ilbo JoongAng Ilbo (May 1991); and a book by Lee Myong-yong, (May 1991); and a book by Lee Myong-yong, Kim Il-sung Stories. Kim Il-sung Stories.

11. Lim Un Lim Un (Founding of a Dynasty (Founding of a Dynasty [see chap. 2, n. 59], p. 258) cites the claim from Kim Yong-ju's autobiography. "This is obviously dreamy talk," says Lim. [see chap. 2, n. 59], p. 258) cites the claim from Kim Yong-ju's autobiography. "This is obviously dreamy talk," says Lim.

12. True Story of Kim Jong Il, True Story of Kim Jong Il, pp. 7879. The official biographies do not mention Kim Jong-il's having worked under Kim Guk-tae-or under anyone else except his father, for that matter. pp. 7879. The official biographies do not mention Kim Jong-il's having worked under Kim Guk-tae-or under anyone else except his father, for that matter.

13. True Story of Kim Jong-il, True Story of Kim Jong-il, pp. 7880. pp. 7880.

14. Choe In Su, Choe In Su, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Il, vol. 2 (see chap. 10, n. 43), pp. 2226. vol. 2 (see chap. 10, n. 43), pp. 2226.

15. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 12. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 12.

16. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 4042. I use the term "draft-dodger" loosely, to evoke a comparable American situation for Americans of that generation. North Korea did not have the military draft per se, since there was no shortage of willing recruits. Enlistment was considered an honor, and career-enhancing, so most young men who were not members of the very top elite wanted to serve. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 4042. I use the term "draft-dodger" loosely, to evoke a comparable American situation for Americans of that generation. North Korea did not have the military draft per se, since there was no shortage of willing recruits. Enlistment was considered an honor, and career-enhancing, so most young men who were not members of the very top elite wanted to serve.

17. True Story of Kim Jong-il, True Story of Kim Jong-il, pp. 7880; Kong Dan Oh, pp. 7880; Kong Dan Oh, Leadership Change Leadership Change (see chap. 10, n. 32), p. 7. (see chap. 10, n. 32), p. 7.

18. Tak, Kim and Pak, Tak, Kim and Pak, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, vol. 1, pp. 119120. vol. 1, pp. 119120.

19. Suh, Suh, Kim Il Sung Kim Il Sung (see chap. 2, n. 35), p. 223. (see chap. 2, n. 35), p. 223.

20. See ibid., pp. 128129. Also note the claim of an unofficial North Korean spokesman in Tokyo that the junior Kim "played a leading role in the watershed ideological and theoretical campaign to See ibid., pp. 128129. Also note the claim of an unofficial North Korean spokesman in Tokyo that the junior Kim "played a leading role in the watershed ideological and theoretical campaign to defend the present leadership" defend the present leadership" (emphasis added). See Kim Myong Chol, "Biography of an Infant Prodigy." (emphasis added). See Kim Myong Chol, "Biography of an Infant Prodigy."

21. "True Picture of North Korea According to a Former Workers' Party Secretary," in "True Picture of North Korea According to a Former Workers' Party Secretary," in Testimonies of North Korean Defectors. Testimonies of North Korean Defectors.

22. Tak, Kim and Pak, Tak, Kim and Pak, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, vol. 1, pp. 121125. vol. 1, pp. 121125.

23. Suh, Suh, Kim Il Sung, Kim Il Sung, pp. 228229. Suh reports, "In his lecture to party cadres on October 11, 1969, Kim Il Sung said that a number of 'bad fellows' who had been in charge of ideological work had failed to propagate the party's great achievements and had not taught young cadres the great successes the people had achieved." pp. 228229. Suh reports, "In his lecture to party cadres on October 11, 1969, Kim Il Sung said that a number of 'bad fellows' who had been in charge of ideological work had failed to propagate the party's great achievements and had not taught young cadres the great successes the people had achieved."

24. Hw.a.n.g Jang-yop, Hw.a.n.g Jang-yop, Problems of Human Rights (1). Problems of Human Rights (1).

25. Tak, Kim and Pak, Tak, Kim and Pak, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, vol. 1, pp. 125126. vol. 1, pp. 125126.

26. Kim Myong Chol, "Biography of an Infant Prodigy." Kim Myong Chol, "Biography of an Infant Prodigy."

27. Hw.a.n.g Jang-yop, Hw.a.n.g Jang-yop, Problems of Human Rights (3) Problems of Human Rights (3) (see chap. 9, n. 25). (see chap. 9, n. 25).

28. Choe In Su, Choe In Su, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Il, vol. 2, pp. 1621. vol. 2, pp. 1621.

29. "True Picture of North Korea." "True Picture of North Korea."

30. Choe In Su, Choe In Su, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Il, vol. 2, pp. 3135. vol. 2, pp. 3135.

31. In In With the Century, With the Century, Kim Il-sung gives an example of his personal involvement in the rewriting of history. The incident involved a.s.sessment of an 1884 coup attempted by reformist Kim Ok-gyun against the decrepit Yi Dynasty. Kim Il-sung says that in his own boyhood, "most of my teachers in Korean history regarded Kim Ok-gyun as pro-j.a.panese ... because he had received help from the j.a.panese in his preparations for the coup." After a.s.suming power, Kim Il-sung relates, "I told our historians that ... a.s.sessing him as pro-j.a.panese simply because he had drawn on the strength of j.a.pan would lead to nihilism ..." (vol. 1, pp. 2627). I cannot help smiling at the image of a platoon of obedient scribes, earnestly jotting down their instructions from the Great Historian. Kim Il-sung gives an example of his personal involvement in the rewriting of history. The incident involved a.s.sessment of an 1884 coup attempted by reformist Kim Ok-gyun against the decrepit Yi Dynasty. Kim Il-sung says that in his own boyhood, "most of my teachers in Korean history regarded Kim Ok-gyun as pro-j.a.panese ... because he had received help from the j.a.panese in his preparations for the coup." After a.s.suming power, Kim Il-sung relates, "I told our historians that ... a.s.sessing him as pro-j.a.panese simply because he had drawn on the strength of j.a.pan would lead to nihilism ..." (vol. 1, pp. 2627). I cannot help smiling at the image of a platoon of obedient scribes, earnestly jotting down their instructions from the Great Historian.

32. Baik I (see chap. 4, n. 25), preface. Baik I (see chap. 4, n. 25), preface.

33. Ibid., p. 23. Kim backed off a bit from such claims in his later memoirs. Likewise he steered clear of such extravagant tales as Baik Bong's David-and-Goliath account (vol. 1, p. 145) of a st.u.r.dy Kim knocking down with "a single blow" a Chinese policeman's son named Beanstalk who displayed contempt for Koreans and possessed "Herculean strength." Yet another story that bit the dust in later versions was Baik's claim that Kim at the age of sixteen-while still a middle-school pupil himself-established an elementary school in a Manchurian village that he was trying to organize. "The General"-even as an elementary school pupil Kim rates this rank in Baik's reverential account-"provided education free of charge for peasant children who had been unable to study because of poverty and conducted cla.s.ses at night to educate youth and the middle-aged and women. On the basis of such activities, the General then rallied the residents around organizations formed according to each stratum of society, and trained them politically. He gathered them into the Juvenile Corps or the Juvenile Expeditionary Party and youth into the Youth a.s.sociation (Anti-Imperialist Youth League), women into the Women's a.s.sociation and peasants into the Peasants' Union." Kim organized the people into a military unit to defend their village, taught .Marxism-Leninism, published a political magazine called Ibid., p. 23. Kim backed off a bit from such claims in his later memoirs. Likewise he steered clear of such extravagant tales as Baik Bong's David-and-Goliath account (vol. 1, p. 145) of a st.u.r.dy Kim knocking down with "a single blow" a Chinese policeman's son named Beanstalk who displayed contempt for Koreans and possessed "Herculean strength." Yet another story that bit the dust in later versions was Baik's claim that Kim at the age of sixteen-while still a middle-school pupil himself-established an elementary school in a Manchurian village that he was trying to organize. "The General"-even as an elementary school pupil Kim rates this rank in Baik's reverential account-"provided education free of charge for peasant children who had been unable to study because of poverty and conducted cla.s.ses at night to educate youth and the middle-aged and women. On the basis of such activities, the General then rallied the residents around organizations formed according to each stratum of society, and trained them politically. He gathered them into the Juvenile Corps or the Juvenile Expeditionary Party and youth into the Youth a.s.sociation (Anti-Imperialist Youth League), women into the Women's a.s.sociation and peasants into the Peasants' Union." Kim organized the people into a military unit to defend their village, taught .Marxism-Leninism, published a political magazine called Bolshevik; Bolshevik; in short, Baik related, the adolescent General was "tireless." And when he was older, was it not Kim Il-sung who had returned to Korea in 1945 as "the greatest hero Korea has ever produced, the Leader of the nation, who had promised a resurrection and a shining victory to the .Mother Earth of Korea"? (Baik II, p. 53). in short, Baik related, the adolescent General was "tireless." And when he was older, was it not Kim Il-sung who had returned to Korea in 1945 as "the greatest hero Korea has ever produced, the Leader of the nation, who had promised a resurrection and a shining victory to the .Mother Earth of Korea"? (Baik II, p. 53).

34. February 15, 1994, interview with Kim Nam-joon, a former Korean People's Army second lieutenant who said it was only after he defected to South Korea in 1989 that he learned who the real author was. February 15, 1994, interview with Kim Nam-joon, a former Korean People's Army second lieutenant who said it was only after he defected to South Korea in 1989 that he learned who the real author was.

35. Tak, Kim and Pak, Tak, Kim and Pak, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, vol. 1, pp. 140159. vol. 1, pp. 140159.

36. Buzo, Buzo, Guerilla Dynasty Guerilla Dynasty (see chap. 11, n. 39), p. 43. (see chap. 11, n. 39), p. 43.

37. Choe In Su, Choe In Su, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Il, vol. 2, pp. 4954. The Chinese had lapel badges with portraits of Mao earlier. vol. 2, pp. 4954. The Chinese had lapel badges with portraits of Mao earlier.

38. Kang Myong-do testimony in Kang Myong-do testimony in JoongAng Ilbo. JoongAng Ilbo.

39. Choe In Su, Choe In Su, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Il, vol. 2, pp. 5557. vol. 2, pp. 5557.

40. Ibid., pp. 5964. Ibid., pp. 5964.

41. Ibid., vol. 2, p. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 74. 74.

42. Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Il, Some Problems Arising, Some Problems Arising, pp. 1013. He is described as having given the talk April 6, 1968. pp. 1013. He is described as having given the talk April 6, 1968.

43. Tak, Kim and Pak, Tak, Kim and Pak, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, vol. 1, pp. 172, 191192. vol. 1, pp. 172, 191192.

44. Choe In Su, Choe In Su, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Il, vol. 2, pp. 6470. vol. 2, pp. 6470.

45. Tak, Kim and Pak, Tak, Kim and Pak, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, vol. 1, pp. 172175. vol. 1, pp. 172175.

46. See Koh Chik-mann, "'Theory of Cinema-' Offers Clues to Kim Jong-il's View on Arts, Politics," See Koh Chik-mann, "'Theory of Cinema-' Offers Clues to Kim Jong-il's View on Arts, Politics," Korea Times, Korea Times, July 13, 1994. July 13, 1994.

47. Choe In Su, Choe In Su, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Il, vol. 2, pp. 7074. vol. 2, pp. 7074.

48. Ibid., pp. 7883. Ibid., pp. 7883.

49. Ibid., pp. 8487. Ibid., pp. 8487.

50. Ibid., pp. 8990. Ibid., pp. 8990.

51. Tak, Kim and Pak, Tak, Kim and Pak, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, vol. 1, p. 197. vol. 1, p. 197.

52. Kang Myong-do, Kang Myong-do, Pyeongyangeun mangmyeoneul k.u.mgungda Pyeongyangeun mangmyeoneul k.u.mgungda (Pyongyang Dreams of Exile) (Seoul: Joongang Daily News, 1995). (Pyongyang Dreams of Exile) (Seoul: Joongang Daily News, 1995).

53. See Choe In Su, See Choe In Su, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Il, vol. 2, photo facing p. 88. vol. 2, photo facing p. 88.

54. Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Il, Let Us Create More Revolutionary Works Which Meet the Requirements of Our Socialist Life Let Us Create More Revolutionary Works Which Meet the Requirements of Our Socialist Life (Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1988). (Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1988).

55. Choe In Su, Choe In Su, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Il, vol. 2, pp. 9294. vol. 2, pp. 9294.

56. Ibid., pp. 115120. Ibid., pp. 115120.

57. Tak, Kim and Pak, Tak, Kim and Pak, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, Great Leader Kim Jong Il, pp. 110111. pp. 110111.

58. Ibid., p. 116. Ibid., p. 116.

59. Buzo, Buzo, Guerilla Dynasty, Guerilla Dynasty, pp. 40, 48. pp. 40, 48.

60. Ibid., p. 26. Ibid., p. 26.

61. Hw.a.n.g Jang-yop, Hw.a.n.g Jang-yop, Problems of Human Rights (3). Problems of Human Rights (3).

62. Quoted in Lee Sang-min, "The Personality Cult in the North Korean Political Process (II)," Quoted in Lee Sang-min, "The Personality Cult in the North Korean Political Process (II)," Vantage Point Vantage Point (September 1989): pp. 12. (September 1989): pp. 12.

63. I interviewed the diplomat, who asked not to be further identified. Another foreign resident, an Englishman who was employed by the Foreign Languages Publishing House as a reviser in 19871988, noted that comedy programs were not among the entertainment offerings on North Korean television. See chap. 8, p. 7, of Andrew Holloway I interviewed the diplomat, who asked not to be further identified. Another foreign resident, an Englishman who was employed by the Foreign Languages Publishing House as a reviser in 19871988, noted that comedy programs were not among the entertainment offerings on North Korean television. See chap. 8, p. 7, of Andrew Holloway A Year in Pyongyang A Year in Pyongyang (published in 2002 on the Internet Web site of Aidan Foster-Carter, http://www.aidanfc.net/a_year_ in_pyongyang.html). (published in 2002 on the Internet Web site of Aidan Foster-Carter, http://www.aidanfc.net/a_year_ in_pyongyang.html).

64. Kim Kim With the Century, With the Century, vol. 3, pp. 421422. vol. 3, pp. 421422.

65. "New Book Adds Insights into Hitler's Personality," Bonn-datelined article by UPI-Kyodo, "New Book Adds Insights into Hitler's Personality," Bonn-datelined article by UPI-Kyodo, j.a.pan Times, j.a.pan Times, December 2, 1983. December 2, 1983.

14. Eyes and Ears.

1. Hw.a.n.g Jang-yop, Hw.a.n.g Jang-yop, Problems of Human Rights (2 and 3) Problems of Human Rights (2 and 3) (see chap. 6, n. 104, and chap. 9, n. 25, respectively). Further details of the security organizations' interlocking operations from Kim Jong-min, who rose to the brigadier-general level in Public Security, appear in Cho Gap-jae, "Interview of Former High-level Official" (see chap. 6, n. 88). (see chap. 6, n. 104, and chap. 9, n. 25, respectively). Further details of the security organizations' interlocking operations from Kim Jong-min, who rose to the brigadier-general level in Public Security, appear in Cho Gap-jae, "Interview of Former High-level Official" (see chap. 6, n. 88).

2. An official biographer quoted Kim Il-sung as saying, "The consistent principle our Party adheres to in its work with people who have complicated social and political backgrounds, is that we should appraise them case by case, always attaching utmost importance to their present behavior, isolate hostile elements to the maximum and win even one by one over to the side of the revolution." The biographer continued, "Introducing such a principle, he was able to educate and remold all the people except a handful of purposefully hostile elements of exploiting cla.s.s origin, and brought all into the bosom of socialism. He ... went deep among the people, embraced all warmly, trusted them and actively helped them to give full scope to their talents and exercise a pa.s.sion for socialist construction, himself setting a practical example, and teaching this to Party organizations." An official biographer quoted Kim Il-sung as saying, "The consistent principle our Party adheres to in its work with people who have complicated social and political backgrounds, is that we should appraise them case by case, always attaching utmost importance to their present behavior, isolate hostile elements to the maximum and win even one by one over to the side of the revolution." The biographer continued, "Introducing such a principle, he was able to educate and remold all the people except a handful of purposefully hostile elements of exploiting cla.s.s origin, and brought all into the bosom of socialism. He ... went deep among the people, embraced all warmly, trusted them and actively helped them to give full scope to their talents and exercise a pa.s.sion for socialist construction, himself setting a practical example, and teaching this to Party organizations."

For example, Kim supposedly forgave the chief engineer of a steelworks who had come up under the j.a.panese and who, during the Korean War, had started to move south but thought better of it. "Noting that he had returned again to follow the Party after realizing that the U.S. scoundrels were bad, even though he had hesitated for a while during the war, the Leader held that it was possible to educate and remold him."