listen to messages: Gary L. Wells and Richard E. Petty, "The Effects of Overt Head Movements on Persuasion: Compatibility and Incompatibility of Responses," Basic and Applied Social Psychology 1 (1980): 21930.

increase the funding of schools: Jonah Berger, Marc Meredith, and S. Christian Wheeler, "Contextual Priming: Where People Vote Affects How They Vote," PNAS 105 (2008): 884649.

Reminders of money: Kathleen D. Vohs, "The Psychological Consequences of Money," Science 314 (2006): 115456.

appeal of authoritarian ideas: Jeff Greenberg et al., "Evidence for Terror Management Theory II: The Effect of Mortality Salience on Reactions to Those Who Threaten or Bolster the Cultural Worldview," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology {gy

"Lady Macbeth effect": Chen-Bo Zhong and Katie Liljenquist, "Washing Away Your Sins: Threatened Morality and Physical Cleansing," Science 313 (2006): 145152.

preferred mouthwash over soap: Spike Lee and Norbert Schwarz, "Dirty Hands and Dirty Mouths: Embodiment of the Moral-Purity Metaphor Is Specific to the Motor Modality Involved in Moral Transgression," Psychological Science 21 (2010): 142325.

at a British university: Melissa Bateson, Daniel Nettle, and Gilbert Roberts, "Cues of Being Watched Enhance Cooperation in a Real-World Setting," Biology Letters 2 (2006): 41214.

introduced to that stranger: Timothy Wilson's Strangers to Ourselves (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2002) presents a concept of an "adaptive unconscious" that is similar to System 1.5: Cognitive Ease"Easy" and "Strained": The technical term for cognitive ease is fluency.

diverse inputs and outputs: Adam L. Alter and Daniel M. Oppenheimer, "Uniting the Tribes of Fluency to Form a Metacognitive Nation," Personality and Social Psychology Review 13 (2009): 21935.

"Becoming Famous Overnight": Larry L. Jacoby, Colleen Kelley, Judith Brown, and Jennifer Jasechko, "Becoming Famous Overnight: Limits on the Ability to Avoid Unconscious Influences of the Past," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56 (1989): 32638.

nicely stated the problem: Bruce W. A. Whittlesea, Larry L. Jacoby, and Krista Girard, "Illusions of Immediate Memory: Evidence of an Attributional Basis for Feelings of Familiarity and Perceptual Quality," Journal of Memory and Language 29 (1990): 71632.

The impression of familiarity: Normally, when you meet a friend you can immediately place and name him; you often know where you met him last, what he was wearing, and what you said to each other. The feeling of familiarity becomes relevant only when such specific memories are not available. It is a fallback. Although its reliability is imperfect, the fallback is much better than nothing. It is the sense of familiarity that protects you from the embarrassment of being (and acting) astonished when you are greeted as an old friend by someone who only looks vaguely familiar.

"body temperature of a chicken": Ian Begg, Victoria Armour, and Therese Kerr, "On Believing What We Remember," Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 17 (1985): 199214.

low credibility: Daniel M. Oppenheimer, "Consequences of Erudite Vernacular Utilized Irrespective of Necessity: Problems with Using Long Words Needlessly," Applied Cognitive Psychology 20 (2006): 13956.

when they rhymed: Matthew S. Mc Glone and Jessica Tofighbakhsh, "Birds of a Feather Flock Conjointly (?): Rhyme as Reas {RhyPsychological Science 11 (2000): 42428.

fictitious Turkish companies: Anuj K. Shah and Daniel M. Oppenheimer, "Easy Does It: The Role of Fluency in Cue Weighting," Judgment and Decision Making Journal 2 (2007): 37179.

engaged and analytic mode: Adam L. Alter, Daniel M. Oppenheimer, Nicholas Epley, and Rebecca Eyre, "Overcoming Intuition: Metacognitive Difficulty Activates Analytic Reasoning," Journal of Experimental Psychology-General 136 (2007): 56976.

pictures of objects: Piotr Winkielman and John T. Cacioppo, "Mind at Ease Puts a Smile on the Face: Psychophysiological Evidence That Processing Facilitation Increases Positive Affect," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 (2001): 9891000.

small advantage: Adam L. Alter and Daniel M. Oppenheimer, "Predicting Short-Term Stock Fluctuations by Using Processing Fluency," PNAS 103 (2006). Michael J. Cooper, Orlin Dimitrov, and P. Raghavendra Rau, "A Rose.com by Any Other Name," Journal of Finance 56 (2001): 237188.

clunky labels: Pascal Pensa, "Nomen Est Omen: How Company Names Influence Shortand Long-Run Stock Market Performance," Social Science Research Network Working Paper, September 2006.

mere exposure effect: Robert B. Zajonc, "Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 9 (1968): 127.

favorite experiments: Robert B. Zajonc and D. W. Rajecki, "Exposure and Affect: A Field Experiment," Psychonomic Science 17 (1969): 21617.

never consciously sees: Jennifer L. Monahan, Sheila T. Murphy, and Robert B. Zajonc, "Subliminal Mere Exposure: Specific, General, and Diffuse Effects," Psychological Science 11 (2000): 46266.

inhabiting the shell: D. W. Rajecki, "Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Auditory or Visual Stimulation on Postnatal Distress Vocalizations in Chicks," Behavioral Biology 11 (1974): 52536.

"The consequences...social stability": Robert B. Zajonc, "Mere Exposure: A Gateway to the Subliminal," Current Directions in Psychological Science 10 (2001): 227.

triad of words: Annette Bolte, Thomas Goschke, and Julius Kuhl, "Emotion and Intuition: Effects of Positive and Negative Mood on Implicit Judgments of Semantic Coherence," Psychological Science 14 (2003): 41621.

association is retrieved: The analysis excludes all cases in which the subject actually found the correct solution. It shows that even subjects who will ultimately fail to find a common association have some idea of whether there is one to be found.

increase cognitive ease: Sascha Topolinski and Fritz Strack, "The Architecture of Intuition: Fluency and Affect Determine {ectition Intuitive Judgments of Semantic and Visual Coherence and Judgments of Grammaticality in Artificial Grammar Learning," Journal of Experimental Psychology-General 138 (2009): 3963.

doubled accuracy: Bolte, Goschke, and Kuhl, "Emotion and Intuition."

form a cluster: Barbara Fredrickson, Positivity: Groundbreaking Research Reveals How to Embrace the Hidden Strength of Positive Emotions, Overcome Negativity, and Thrive (New York: Random House, 2009). Joseph P. Forgas and Rebekah East, "On Being Happy and Gullible: Mood Effects on Skepticism and the Detection of Deception," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 44 (2008): 136267.

smiling reaction: Sascha Topolinski et al., "The Face of Fluency: Semantic Coherence Automatically Elicits a Specific Pattern of Facial Muscle Reactions," Cognition and Emotion 23 (2009): 26071.

"previous research...individuals": Sascha Topolinski and Fritz Strack, "The Analysis of Intuition: Processing Fluency and Affect in Judgments of Semantic Coherence," Cognition and Emotion 23 (2009): 14651503.6: Norms, Surprises, and CausesAn observer: Daniel Kahneman and Dale T. Miller, "Norm Theory: Comparing Reality to Its Alternatives," Psychological Review 93 (1986): 13653.

"tattoo on my back": Jos J. A. Van Berkum, "Understanding Sentences in Context: What Brain Waves Can Tell Us," Current Directions in Psychological Science 17 (2008): 37680.

the word pickpocket: Ran R. Hassin, John A. Bargh, and James S. Uleman, "Spontaneous Causal Inferences," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38 (2002): 51522.

indicate surprise: Albert Michotte, The Perception of Causality (Andover, MA: Methuen, 1963). Alan M. Leslie and Stephanie Keeble, "Do Six-Month-Old Infants Perceive Causality?" Cognition 25 (1987): 26588.

explosive finale: Fritz Heider and Mary-Ann Simmel, "An Experimental Study of Apparent Behavior," American Journal of Psychology 13 (1944): 24359.

identify bullies and victims: Leslie and Keeble, "Do Six-Month-Old Infants Perceive Causality?"

as we die: Paul Bloom, "Is God an Accident?" Atlantic, December 2005.7: A Machine for Jumping to Conclusionselegant experiment: Daniel T. Gilbert, Douglas S. Krull, and Patrick S. Malone, "Unbelieving the Unbelievable: Some Problems in the Rejection of False Information," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59 (1990): 60113.

descriptions of two people: Solomon E. Asch, "Forming {#823.

Impressions of Personality," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 41 (1946): 25890. all six adjectives: Ibid.

Wisdom of Crowds: James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005).

one-sided evidence: Lyle A. Brenner, Derek J. Koehler, and Amos Tversky, "On the Evaluation of One-Sided Evidence," Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 9 (1996): 5970.8: How Judgments Happenbiological roots: Alexander Todorov, Sean G. Baron, and Nikolaas N. Oosterhof, "Evaluating Face Trustworthiness: A Model-Based Approach," Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 3 (2008): 11927.

friendly or hostile: Alexander Todorov, Chris P. Said, Andrew D. Engell, and Nikolaas N. Oosterhof, "Understanding Evaluation of Faces on Social Dimensions," Trends in Cognitive Sciences 12 (2008): 45560.

may spell trouble: Alexander Todorov, Manish Pakrashi, and Nikolaas N. Oosterhof, "Evaluating Faces on Trustworthiness After Minimal Time Exposure," Social Cognition 27 (2009): 81333.

Australia, Germany, and Mexico: Alexander Todorov et al., "Inference of Competence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes," Science 308 (2005): 162326. Charles C. Ballew and Alexander Todorov, "Predicting Political Elections from Rapid and Unreflective Face Judgments," PNAS 104 (2007): 1794853. Christopher Y. Olivola and Alexander Todorov, "Elected in 100 Milliseconds: Appearance-Based Trait Inferences and Voting," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 34 (2010): 83110.

watch less television: Gabriel Lenz and Chappell Lawson, "Looking the Part: Television Leads Less Informed Citizens to Vote Based on Candidates' Appearance," American Journal of Political Science (forthcoming).

absence of a specific task set: Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, "Extensional Versus Intuitive Reasoning: The Conjunction Fallacy in Probability Judgment," Psychological Review 90 (1983): 293315.

Exxon Valdez: William H. Desvousges et al., "Measuring Natural Resource Damages with Contingent Valuation: Tests of Validity and Reliability," in Contingent Valuation: A Critical Assessment, ed. Jerry A. Hausman (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1993), 91159.

sense of injustice: Stanley S. Stevens, Psychophysics: Introduction to Its Perceptual, Neural, and Social Prospect (New York: Wiley, 1975).

detected that the words rhymed: Mark S. Seidenberg and Michael K. Tanenhaus, "Orthographic Effects on Rhyme Monitoring," Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Learning and Memory 5 (1979): 54654.