167, 178; _c.o.c.kburn's Journey_, pp. 23, 55-7.

[984] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii.-v.; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, vol. i., pp. 774-5; _Squier_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xix., p. 613; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 14, 18, 21, 61, 74-7, 96, 98, 106; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 100-11, 132-6, 297-303, 320; _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp. 75-6, 87, 168-74. The Woolwas had fish 'which had been shot with arrows.' _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp.

403, 248-50, 300-1, 407, 412-13; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 9-13, 35-7.

[985] _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pref., p. 18; _Young's Narrative_, pp.

76, 99, 133; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 335.

[986] Of the people of Las Perlas islands it is said; 'Aen't endt van haer geweer een hay-tandt, schieten met geen boogh.' _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, pp. 71, 150. Also see: _Colon_, _Hist. Almirante_, in _Barcia_, _Historiadores_, tom. i., p. 105; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. ix., cap. x., and dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii.; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 7-8; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 120, 128.

[987] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii.; _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, p. 153; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., p. 8; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p. 406; _Strangeways' Mosquito Sh.o.r.e_, p. 331.

[988] 'Hammocks, made of a Sort of Rushes.' _c.o.c.kburn's Journey_, pp.

64, 23. 'El almohada vn palo, o vna piedra: los cofres son cestillos, aforrados en cueros de venados.' _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib.

viii., cap. v. Consult also: _Young's Narrative_, pp. 76-7; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., p. 85; _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 660; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 100, 116, 123, 138, 173.

[989] _Sivers, Mittelamerika_, p. 167; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 127, 298-9.

'Auf irgend eine Zubereitung (of skins) verstehen sich die Indianer nicht.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 190, 148. 'They make large Jars here, one of which will hold ten Gallons, and not weigh one Pound.'

_c.o.c.kburn's Journey_, p. 83.

[990] _Young's Narrative_, pp. 11, 19, 76, 160-1; _Martin's West Indies_, vol. i., pp. 155-6; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 35, 85.

'Der Tuberose tree der Englander liefert die starksten Baumstamme, deren die Indianer sich zur Anfertigung ihrer grossten Wa.s.serfahrzeuge bedienen.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 116, 70, 147.

[991] The Mosquitos have 'little trade except in tortoise-sh.e.l.ls and sarsaparilla.' _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 659. Compare _Bard's Waikna_, p. 317; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. x.x.xii., p. 252; _Strangeways' Mosquito Sh.o.r.e_, p. 337; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 16, 82, 86-7, 91, 126; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii., v.; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 148, 171-4, 190.

[992] The Mosquitos 'divisaient l'annee en 18 mois de 20 jours, et ils appellaient les mois _Ioalar_.' _Malte-Brun_, _Precis de la Geog._, tom.

vi., p. 472. 'Dit konense reeckenen by de Maen, daer van sy vyftien voor een jaer reeckenen.' _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, p. 152. 'Fur die Berechnung der Jahre existirt keine Aera. Daher weiss Niemand sein Alter.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 142, 267-8. See also _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 244-5; _Young's Narrative_, p. 76; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. vi.

[993] _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 292-3; _c.o.c.kburn's Journey_, p. 37; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 63. The natives of Honduras had 'pedacos de Tierra, llamada _Calcide_, con la qual se funde el Metal.' _Colon_, _Hist.

Almirante_, in _Barcia_, _Historiadores_, tom. i., p. 104.

[994] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. v.; _c.o.c.kburn's Journey_, p. 45; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 10-11; _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, p. 150; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p.

406; _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 184; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, p. 49; _Winterfeldt_, _Mosquito-Staat_, p. 22; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 231, 297-8; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, pp. 258-9; _Squier_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xix., p. 614; _Id._, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1858, tom. clx., p. 134; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 71, 98; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 171-2. 'Sie stehen unter eignen Kaziken, die ihre Anfuhrer im Kriege machen und welchen sie unbedingt gehorchen.' Poyas, 'Ihre Regierungsform ist aristokratisch.' _Ha.s.sel_, _Mex. Guat._, pp.

388, 390. Mosquito 'conjurers are in fact the priests, the lawyers and the judges ... the king is a despotic monarch.' _Bonnycastle's Span.

Amer._, vol. i., p. 174.

[995] _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 335.

[996] _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 127, 129-30, 202-11, 236, 243, 299-300, 321-3; _Strangeways' Mosquito Sh.o.r.e_, pp. 332, 336; _Froebel's Cent.

Amer._, p. 137; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 216. 'They marry but one Wife, with whom they live till death separates them.' _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., p. 9. 'Doch besitzen in der That die meisten Manner nur ein Weib.' _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 144-6, 133-9; _Salazar y Olarte_, _Hist. Conq. Mex._, tom. ii., p. 312.

[997] Esquemelin relates that the natives on the Belize coast and adjacent islands carried the new-born infant to the temple, where it was placed naked in a hole filled with ashes, exposed to the wild beasts, and left there until the track of some animal was noticed in the ashes.

This became patron to the child who was taught to offer it incense and to invoke it for protection. _Zee-Roovers_, pp. 64-9, 149. The genitals are pierced as a proof of constancy and affection for a woman. _Id._, pp. 151-3. Compare _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. i., cap. vi., lib. viii., cap. iii.-vi.; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 73, 75, 123, 125; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. x.x.xii., pp. 251, 254-5, 257-8; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 249, 306-8; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 335; _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p. 409; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, pp. 49, 245-7.

[998] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iii., vi.; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. x.x.xii., p. 255-6. The Woolwas 'haben gewisse Jahresfeste bei welchen weder ein Fremder noch Weiber und Kinder des eignen Stammes zugela.s.sen werden. Bei diesen Festen fuhren sie mit lautem Geschrei ihre Tanze auf, "wobei ihnen ihr Gott Gesellschaft leistet."' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i., pp. 407-8.

[999] _Squier_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xix., pp. 603-6, 613; _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, pp. 171-2, 174-6; _Martin's West Indies_, vol. i., p.

155; _Laet_, _Novus...o...b..s_, p. 337; _Uring's Hist. Voy._, pp. 223-5; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp. 10, 127; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 205-9, 226-9, 232-3, 299; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 108, 141-2, 146-7, 196, 201-2, 267; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, p. 247; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 306, 405; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 30-3, 72, 77-8, 125, 132-5; _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, pp. 150-1. The natives of Honduras kept small birds which 'could talk intelligibly, and whistle and sing admirably.' _c.o.c.kburn's Journey_, pp. 52-3, 46, 70-2, 88-90.

[1000] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iv.-vi.; _c.o.c.kburn's Journey_, pp. 36, 45-6; _Dampier's Voyages_, vol. i., pp.

8-9, 86; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 142-3; _Martin's Brit. Col._, vol. ii., p. 413; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 228-32, 239-43, 256-8, 273-4.

Sivers was thought possessed of the devil, and carefully shunned, because he imitated the crowing of a c.o.c.k. _Sivers_, _Mittelamerika_, p.

178.

[1001] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. v., dec. v., lib. i., cap. x.; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, pp. 245-7; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 23, 26, 28, 73, 82; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol.

x.x.xii., pp. 253, 260-1; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 132, 148-51; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 243-4.

[1002] The dead 'are sewed up in a mat, and not laid in their grave length-ways, but upright on their feet, with their faces directly to the east.' _Amer. Span. Settl._, p. 46. 'Ein anderer Religionsgebrauch der alten Mosquiten war, da.s.s sie bey dem Tode eines Hausvaters alle seine Bedienten mit ihm begruben.' _Delaporte_, _Reisen_, tom. x., p. 408.

_Bard's Waikna_, pp. 68-73, 245-6; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 136, 143-4; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 307-8; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog.

Soc., Jour._, vol. x.x.xii., p. 255; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. i., p.

407; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. v.-vi.; _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, pp. 152-3.

[1003] _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. viii., cap. vii., dec.

iv., lib. i., cap. vi., lib. viii., cap. iii., v.; _Young's Narrative_, pp. 78-82, 85, 87, 122, 133; _Bell_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol.

x.x.xii., pp. 250-2, 257-8; _Bard's Waikna_, pp. 245, 317, 324; _Mosquitoland_, _Bericht_, pp. 135, 139-40, 144-5, 236; _Strangeways'

Mosquito Sh.o.r.e_, p. 329; _Puydt_, _Rapport_, in _Amerique Centrale_, p.

71; _Pim and Seemann's Dottings_, pp. 248-9, 279, 308-9; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pref., pp. 13, 18; _Morelet_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 240, 289, 302; _Crowe's Cent. Amer._, pp. 49, 243.

[1004] The Guatusos 'are said to be of very fair complexion, a statement which has caused the appellation of _Indios blancos_, or _Guatusos_--the latter name being that of an animal of reddish-brown colour, and intended to designate the colour of their hair.' _Froebel's Cent.

Amer._, p. 24; _Id._, _Aus Amer._, tom. i., p. 244. Speaking of Sir Francis Drake's mutineers and their escape from Esparsa northward, he says: 'It is believed by many in Costa Rica that the white Indians of the Rio Frio, called Pranzos, or Guatusos ... are the descendants of these Englishmen.' _Boyle's Ride_, vol. ii., pp. 210, 27, and vol. i., pref., pp. xx-xxii. 'Talamanca contains 26 different tribes of Indians; besides which there are several neighbouring nations, as the Changuenes, divided into thirteen tribes; the Terrabas, the Torresques, Urinamas, and Cavecaras.' _Juarros' Hist. Guat._, p. 373; _Squier's Cent. Amer._, p. 413; _Ha.s.sel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 407; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., pp. 331-3.

[1005] 'The indians who at present inhabit the Isthmus are scattered over Bocas del Toro, the northern portions of Veraguas, the north-eastern sh.o.r.es of Panama and almost the whole of Darien, and consist princ.i.p.ally of four tribes, the Savanerics, the San Blas Indians, the Bayanos, and the Cholos.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., p. 317. 'At the time of the conquest of Darien, the country was covered with numerous and well-peopled villages. The inhabitants belonged to the Carribbee race, divided into tribes, the princ.i.p.al being the Maudinghese, Chucunaquese, Dariens, Cunas, Anachacunas, &c. On the eastern sh.o.r.e of the Gulf of Uraba dwelt the immense but now nearly exterminated tribe of the Caimans,--only a few remnants of the persecutions of the Spaniards, having taken refuge in the Choco Mountains, where they are still found.... The Dariens, as well as the Anachacunas, have either totally disappeared or been absorbed in other tribes.' _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. x.x.xviii., pp. 91-2; _Fitz-Roy_, in _Id._, vol. xx., pp. 163-4; _Roquette_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1855, tom. cxlvii., p. 30; _Bateman_, in _N. Y.

Century_, _6th Decem., 1860_; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 406; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, vol. i., p.

823; _Bra.s.seur de Bourbourg_, _Popol Vuh_, introd., p. ccii. See Tribal Boundaries.

[1006] Savanerics, 'a fine athletic race.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol.

i., p. 318. 'Tienen los cascos de la cabeca gruessos.' _Oviedo_, _Hist.

Gen._, tom. iii., p. 138. 'The Chocos are not tall nor remarkable in appearance, but always look well conditioned.' _Michler's Darien_, p.

65. 'Son apersonados.' _Davila_, _Teatro Ecles._, tom. ii., fol. 56; _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 77, 87; _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, pp.

10, 36; _Colon_, _Hist. Almirante_, in _Barcia_, _Historiadores_, tom.

i., p. 107; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. x.x.xviii., pp.

95-7; _Peter Martyr_, dec. viii., lib. vi; _Gisborne's Darien_, p. 155; _c.o.c.kburn's Journey_, p. 235; _D'Avity_, _L'Amerique_, tom. ii., p. 98; _Winthrop's Canoe and Saddle_, p. 365; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, vol. i., p. 823; _Fransham's World in Miniature_, p. 25. 'Afirmaua Pasqual de Andagoya, auer visto algunos tan grandes, que los otros hombres eran enanos con ellos, y que tenian buenas caras, y cuerpos.'

_Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. vi.; _Andagoya_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 412; _Gage's New Survey_, p. 174; _Darien_, _Defence of the Scots' Settlement_, pp. 69-70; _Cullen's Darien_, pp. 65, 67.

[1007] Golfo Dulce. 'Modicae sunt staturae, bene compositis membris, moribus blandis et non invenustis.' _Laet_, _Novus...o...b..s_, p. 329. 'It is a universal belief along the Atlantic coast, from Belize to Aspinwall, that the Frio tribe have white complexions, fair hair, and grey eyes.' _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., pp. 20, 236, and pref., pp.

xxi-xxii.; _Squier_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1856, tom. cli., pp. 6, 12; _Id._, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. iv., p. 62; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 131-7.

[1008] 'El miembro generativo traen atado por el capullo, haciendole entrar tanto adentro, que a algunos no se les paresce de tal arma sino la atadura, que es unos hilos de alG.o.don alli revueltos.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., pp. 109-11, 179. See also: _c.o.c.kburn's Journey_, pp. 181-3, 188; _Wagner and Scherzer_, _Costa Rica_, pp.

557-9; _Boyle's Ride_, vol. i., p. 251. Referring to Vasco Nunez de Balboa, 'La gente que hallo andaua en cueros, sino eran senores, cortesanos, y mugeres.' _Gomara_, _Hist. Ind._, fol. 82, 66, 87. Uraba; 'Ex gentibus ijs mares nudos penitus, foeminas uero ab umbilico gossampina contectas mult.i.tia repererunt.' _Peter Martyr_, dec. ii., lib. i., also dec. iii., lib. iv., dec. vii., lib. x., dec. viii., lib.

vi., viii.; _Quintana_, _Vidas de Espanoles_ (_Balboa_), p. 9; _Wafer's New Voy._, pp. 37, 87, 102, plate, 132-4, 138-48, plate; _Wallace_, in _Miscellanea Curiosa_, vol. iii., p. 418; _Warburton's Darien_, p. 322; _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. iii., p. 26; _Andagoya_, in _Id._, pp. 307-8, 407, 412; _Herrera_, _Hist. Gen._, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap.

v., vi., and dec. iv., lib. i., cap. x.; _Michler's Darien_, pp. 43, 65-6, 86.

[1009] _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. i., pp. 314, 316; _Porras_, in _Navarrete_, _Col. de Viages_, tom. i., p. 285; _Colon_, in _Id._, p.

298; _c.o.c.kburn's Journey_, pp. 240-1; _Gage's New Survey_, p. 191; _Monta.n.u.s_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, pp. 88, 284; and _Dapper_, _Neue Welt_, pp. 99, 319; _Puydt_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. x.x.xviii., pp.

95-8; _Selfridge's Darien Surveys_, p. 10; _Cullen's Darien_, pp. 67-8; _Esquemelin_, _Zee-Roovers_, p. 142; _Las Casas_, _Hist. Apologetica, MS._, cap. ccxlii.-ccxliv. The women of Cueba 'se ponian una barra de oro atravessada en los pechos, debaxo de las tetas, que se las levanta, y en ella algunos paxaros e otras figuras de relieve, todo de oro fino: que por lo menos pessaba ciento e cinquenta e aun dosicentos pessos una barreta destas.... Destos caracoles grandes se hacen unas contecicas blancas de muchas maneras, e otras coloradas, e otras negras, e otras moradas, e canuticos de lo mesmo: e hacen bracaletes en que con estas quentas mezclan otras, e olivetas de oro que se ponen en las munecas y encima de los tobillos e debaxo de las rodillas por gentileca: en especial las mugeres.... Traen a.s.simesmo carcillos de oro en las orejas, e horadanse las narices hecho un agugero entre las ventanas, e cuelgan de alli sobre el labio alto otro carcillo.' _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom.

iii., pp. 126, 138.

[1010] Their hair 'they wear usually down to the middle of the Back, or lower, hanging loose at its full length.... All other Hair, except that of their Eye-brows and Eye-lids, they eradicate.' _Wafer's New Voy._, pp.

132-3; _Gisborne's Darien_, p. 155; _Macgregor's Progress of Amer._, p.

824; _D'Avity_, _L'Amerique_, tom. i., p. 98.