Doniphan's Ex._, p. 218; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 136; _Maillard's Hist. Tex._, p. 241.

[670] 'Their lodges are ... about four or five feet high, with a triangular opening for ingress or egress.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 213. The most they do is to build small huts ...

with thick poles for the arches and a small door through which a single person can hardly pa.s.s. _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 266. A rancheria of the Cuabajai is described as 'formada como una grande galeria en una pieza muy larga adornada con arcos de sauz, y cubierta con esteras de tule muy delgadas y bien cocidas; tenia ventanas para la luz y desahogar el humo y dos puertas, una al Oriente y otra al Poniente, ... a los dos lados de la pieza habia varios camaras o alojamientos para dormir.' _Arricivita_, _Cronica Serafica_, pp. 474-5.

[671] 'Some live in caves in the rocks.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 289. 'They do not live in houses built of stone as has been repeatedly represented, but in caves, caverns, and fissures of the cliffs.' _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217. 'Ils habitaient des cavernes et des lieux souterrains, ou ils deposaient leurs recoltes.' _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom.

cx.x.xi., p. 309. Most of the Navajos 'live in houses built of stone.'

_Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180; _Thummel_, _Mexiko_, p. 352; _Almanza_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 825; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 679; _Sanchez_, in _Doc. Hist.

Mex._, serie iv., tom. i., p. 93; _Gordon's Hist. and Geog. Mem._, p.

88.

[672] 'The large cottonwood posts and the substantial roof of the wide shed in front, are characteristic of the architecture of this people.'

_Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 23, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'They are built upon sandy soil and are thirty or forty feet square; the sides about two feet thick of wicker-work and straw ...

their favorite resort seems to be the roof, where could usually be counted from twenty to thirty persons, all apparently at home.'

_Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 464.

[673] See plate in _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 48. 'The fire is made in the front of the lodge.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p.

70.

[674] 'In every village may be seen small structures, consisting of a frame-work of slight poles, bent into a semi-spherical form and covered with buffalo hides. These are called medicine lodges and are used as vapor-baths.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 60. 'They make huts three feet high for bath-rooms and heat them with hot stones.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 289.

[675] _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xviii., p. 464; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 23, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.

[676] 'Ils sont tres-laborieux; ils cultivent les melons, les haricots, et d'autres legumes; ils recoltent aussi en abondance le mas.' _Soc.

Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Bohnen, Mais, Weizen, feingeriebenes Mehl, Kurbisse und Melonen.' _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 385, 396-7. 'The Yumas and other tribes on the Colorado, irrigate their lands, and raise wheat, corn, melons, &c.' _Bartlett's Pers.

Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 263, 180, 181; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p.

81; _Arricivita_, _Cronica Serafica_, p. 419; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 332; _Ives' Colorado River_, pp. 60, 67, 70, 73; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., pp. 117, 128, 129; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 123; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol.

ii., pp. 40, 65, 66; _Sitgreaves' Zuni Ex._, p. 18; _Browne's Apache Country_, pp. 51, 52, 107; _Mowry's Arizona_, p. 33; _Pattie's Pers.

Nar._, p. 91; _Mexicanische Zustande_, tom. i., p. 64; _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 111; _Champagnac_, _Voyageur_, p. 84; _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 243; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, pp. 13, 120, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Thummel_, _Mexiko_, p. 349; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cx.x.xi., pp. 288-9; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 567; _Farnham's Life in Cal._; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 411; _Clark_, in _Hist.

Mag._, vol. viii., p. 280; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist.

Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 25-6.

[677] 'A small but agreeable nut called the Pinon, grows abundantly in this country; and during a period of scarcity, it sometimes const.i.tutes the sole food of the poorer cla.s.s of natives for many successive weeks.'

_Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 212. 'Living upon the fruit of the mezquit and tornilla trees.' _Sitgreaves' Zuni Ex._, pp.

10, 19; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 112.

'Tambien tienen para su sustento mescali, que es conserva de raiz de maguey.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 31; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212; _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 338; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 147, 331, 350, 396, 397; _Cordoue_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. x., p.

446; _Castaneda_, in _Id._, serie i., tom. ix., pp. 53, 54; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 217; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 234.

[678] 'The quail and hare of the valley, and the deer and lizards of the plains, together furnish but a scanty supply.' _Ehrenberg_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1866, p. 110. 'They ate worms, gra.s.shoppers, and reptiles.'

_Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 115-116. 'An den dunnen Gurt hatten unsere Besucher noch Ratten, grosse Eidechsen und Frosche befestigt.'

_Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 383. 'Depending upon game and roots for food.' _Parker_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 137, and 1869, p. 92.

'Mas para ellos es plato regaladisimo el de ratones del campo asados o cocidos y toda especie de insectos.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 332; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 430; _Arricivita_, _Cronica Serafica_, pp. 419, 473; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 484; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 212; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 297.

[679] On the Rivers Colorado and Gila. 'Usan de hilo torcido unas redes y otras de varios palitos, que los tuercen y juntan por las puntas, en que forman a modo de un pequeno barquito para pescar del infinito pescado que hay en el rio.' _Sedelmair_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. The Cajuenches when the produce is insufficient, live on fish. _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 10. The Navajos 'live by raising flocks and herds, instead of hunting and fishing.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 411. The Apaches 'no comen pescado alguno, no obstante de lo que abundan sus rios.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p.

375. 'El Apache no come el pescado, aunque los hay abundantes en sus rios.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 285; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 123; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 149; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 373; _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., pp. 227-8.

[680] 'They do not make b.u.t.ter and cheese.... Some who own cattle make from the curd of soured milk small ma.s.ses, which some have called cheese.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 292. 'They never to my knowledge make b.u.t.ter or cheese, nor do I believe they know what such things are.' _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217.

The Navajoes 'make b.u.t.ter and cheese.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p.

180. Some of the 'men brought into camp a quant.i.ty of cheese.' _Ives'

Colorado River_, pp. 128, 130.

[681] _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 112.

'They plant corn very deep with a stake and raise very good crops.'

_Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 337; _Merriwether_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 172.

[682] 'The metate is a slightly hollowed hard stone, upon which soaked maize is laid and then reduced to paste.... The paste so formed is then patted between the hands until it a.s.sumes a flat, thin and round appearance when it is laid on a hot pan and baked into a tortilla.'

_Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 145-6. 'Ils recoltent aussi en abondance le mas dont ils font de tortillas.' _Soc. Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Their meat was boiled with water in a Tusquin (clay kettle) and this meat-mush or soup was the staple of food among them.'

_Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 114, 115. 'A large Echino Cactus ... hollowed so as to make a trough. Into this were thrown the soft portions of the pulpy substance which surrounds the heart of the cactus; and to them had been added game and plants gathered from the banks of the creek. Mingled with water, the whole had been cooked by stirring it up with heated stones.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p.

96. 'Ils mangent des pains de mas cuits sous la cendre, aussi gros que les gros pains de Castille.' _Castaneda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., p. 49; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 238; _Pattie's Pers.

Nar._, p. 63; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 291; _Castano de Soza_, in _Pacheco_, _Col. Doc. Ined._, tom. iv., pp. 330-1.

[683] 'The Apaches rely chiefly upon the flesh of the cattle and sheep they can steal ... they are said, however, to be more fond of the meat of the mule than that of any other animal.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 290-1. 'A nonproductive race, subsisting wholly on plunder and game.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 141. The Jicarilla Apaches: 'the chase is their only means of support.' _Carson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1860, p. 164. 'They live entirely by hunting.' _Delgado_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1866, p. 138. 'Die Nahrung der Apaches besteht hauptsachlich in dem Fleische der Rinder und Schafe ... doch soll, wie man sagt, Maulthierfleisch ihre Lieblingsspeise sein.' _Thummel_, _Mexiko_, p. 352.

'Ihre besten Leckerbissen sind Pferde und Mauleselfleisch, welches sie braten und dem Rindfleische vorziehen.' _Ochs_, in _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 289. Their daintiest food is mule and horseflesh.

_Apostolicos Afanes_, p. 432. 'Anteriormente antes que en la frontera abundase el ganado, uno de sus alimentos era la came del caballo, y la caza de diferentes animales.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, pp.

266-7; _Edward's Hist. Texas_, p. 95; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex.

Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 112; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p.

327; _Soc. Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 187; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 116; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., p. 580; _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 282; _Stanley's Portraits_, p. 57; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 460; _Edwards' Campaign_, p. 95; _Ha.s.sel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 202; see further _Ind. Aff. Repts._, from 1854-73; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cx.x.xi., p. 308; _Peters' Life of Carson_, p. 452; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 679.

[684] 'What I would have sworn was an antelope, proved to be a young Indian, ... who having enveloped himself in an antelope's skin with head, horns and all complete, had gradually crept up to the herd under his disguise.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 28, 194. 'Se viste de una piel de los mismos animales, pone sobre su cabeza otra de la clase de los que va a buscar, y armado de su arco y flechas andando en cuatro pies, procura mezcla.r.s.e en una banda da ellos.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p. 375; _Garcia Conde_, in _Alb.u.m Mex._, tom. i., p. 372; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212; _Ferry_, _Scenes de la Vie Sauvage_, p. 262.

[685] 'They always asked if we had bear on the table, for they wished to avoid it.... I found they had some superst.i.tious prejudice against it.'

_Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 324. 'The Apaches are rather fond of lion and panther meat, but seldom touch that of the bear.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 226. 'Tambien matan para comer osos.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 25. The Navajoes 'never kill bears or rattlesnakes unless attacked.'

_Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 291. 'Sie verehren den Baren, der nie von ihnen getodtet wird, und dessen Fleisch zu essen sie sich scheuen. Schweinefleisch verschmahen sie desgleichen; beim argsten Hunger konnen sie es nicht uber sich gewinnen, davon zu kosten.'

_Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 278; _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p. 370.

[686] 'The Northern and Middle Comanches ... subsist almost exclusively upon the flesh of the buffalo, and are known among the Indians as buffalo-eaters.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 19, 26, 46. 'They plant no corn, and their only food is meat, and a few wild plants that grow upon the prairies.' _Marcy's Rept._, p. 188. The Comanches are a 'nation subsisting solely by the chase.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 214.

'Subsist mainly upon the buffalo.' _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 180. 'Acknowledge their entire ignorance of even the rudest methods of agriculture.' _Baylor_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 177; _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 244; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.

v., p. 575; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 103, and _Froebel's Cent. Amer._, p. 268; _Combier_, _Voy._, p. 292; _French's Hist. Coll.

La._, pt. ii., p. 155; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 115; _Gregg's Com.

Prairies_, pp. 214-16, 307; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 480; _Ludecus_, _Reise_, p. 104; _Dragoon Camp._, p. 153; _Foote's Texas_, p. 298; _Soc.

Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 192; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol.

ii., p. 21; _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 469; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p.

345; _Holley's Texas_, p. 153; _Dufey_, _Resume_, tom. i., p. 4; _Dewees' Texas_, p. 233; _Frost's Ind. Battles_, p. 385.

[687] 'Luego que los cibolos echan a huir, los cazadores sin apresurarlos demasiado los persiguen a un galope corto, que van activando mas y mas hasta que rompen en carrera ... el indio sin cesar de correr, dispara su arco en todas direcciones, y va sembrando el campo de reses.... Las indias al mismo tiempo van dessollando cada una de aquellas reses, recogiendo la piel y la carne.' _Revista Cientifica_, tom. i., pp. 165-6. 'At a suitable distance from their prey they divide into two squadrons, one half taking to the right, and the other to the left, and thus surround it.' _Edward's Hist. Tex._, p. 108; _French's Hist. Coll. La._, pt. ii., p. 155; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 214-216. Women when they perceive a deer or antelope 'give it chase, and return only after capturing it with the la.s.so.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 249.

[688] 'When any game was killed, the Indians would tear out the heart, liver, and entrails, and eat them raw.' _Frost's Ind. Battles_, p. 385.

'Ces Indiens se nourissent de viande crue et boivent du sang.... Ils coupent la viande en tranches tres-minces et la font secher au soleil; ils la reduisent ensuite en poudre pour la conserver.' _Castaneda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., pp. 190-1. 'They "jerked"

or dried the meat and made the pemmican.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 18.

'Comen las criadillas crudas, recogiendo la sangre que corre del cuerpo con unas tutundas o jicaras, se la beben caliente.' _Beaumont_, _Cron.

de Mechoacan, MS._, p. 528; _Farnham's Trav._, p. 32; _Horn's Captivity_, pp. 16, 23; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 345.

[689] 'At one time their larder is overstocked and they gorge themselves to repletion.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 32, 44, 46. 'Catch and tame these wild horses, and when unsuccessful in chase, subsist upon them.'

_Holley's Texas_, p. 153. 'When pressed by hunger from scarcity of game, they subsist on their young horses and mules.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., pp. 132-3. 'Have a rare capacity for enduring hunger, and manifest great patience under its infliction. After long abstinence they eat voraciously.' _Burnet_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 231; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 235; _Edward's Hist. Tex._, p. 108.

[690] The tribe 'lived in the most abject condition of filth and poverty.' _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 96. 'With very few exceptions, the want of cleanliness is universal--a shirt being worn until it will no longer hang together, and it would be difficult to tell the original color.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290. 'They are fond of bathing in the summer, ... but nothing can induce them to wash themselves in winter.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 302. They give off very unpleasant odors. _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p.

307. 'They seem to have a natural antipathy against water, considered as the means of cleansing the body ... water is only used by them in extreme cases; for instance, when the vermin become too thick on their heads, they then go through an operation of covering the head with mud, which after some time is washed out.' _Dodt_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 130; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, 108; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 214; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 203; _Arricivita_, _Cronica Serafica_, p. 470.