'Parentage and other relations of consanguinity are no obstacles to matrimony.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 367. 'Souvent une femme presse son mari d'epouser ses soeurs, et meme sa mere, et cette proposition est frequemment acceptee.' _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 235. 'Este metodo de comprar las mugeres era comun a entrambas naciones (Runsienes y Eslenes), bien que entre los Runsienes hacia mucho mas solemne el contrato la intervencion de los parientes de los novios, contribuyendo los del varon con su quota, la qual se dividia entre los de la novia al tiempo de entregar a esta.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage._ p. 171.

[544] _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 223.

[545] _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. xii., p. 23.

[546] _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 306. At Santa Cruz, 'the Gentile Indian, when he wishes to marry, goes to the hut of her he desires for a wife, and sitting himself close by her, sighs without speaking a word, and casting at her feet some beads on a string, goes out, and without further ceremony he is married.' _Comellas' Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 5, 1860_. At Clear Lake 'rape exists among them in an authorized form, and it is the custom for a party of young men to surprise and ravish a young girl, who becomes the wife of one of them.' _Revere's Tour_, pp. 125-6.

[547] _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 234. At Clear Lake 'if the parties separate the children go with the wife.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 112.

[548] _Powers' Pomo, MS._

[549] 'The Yukas are often brutal and cruel to their women and children, especially to the women.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., p.

308. In the vicinity of Fort Ross, 'sie lieben ihre Kinder mit grosser Zartlichkeit.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 77.

[550] _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 178. 'The practice of abortion, so common among the Chinooks and some other tribes in Oregon, is unknown here.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 112-13.

[551] Mr Powers, in his _Pomo, MS._, makes this a.s.sertion upon what he states to be reliable authority.

[552] For a full account of this custom of the couvade, as it existed in various parts of the world, see _Tylor's Researches_, pp. 293-302, and _Max Muller's Chips_, vol. ii., pp. 271-9. For its observance in California, see _Venagas_, _Noticias de Cal._, tom. i., p. 94, and _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 367.

[553] 'It was not a thing at all uncommon, in the days of the Indians'

ancient prosperity, to see a woman become a mother at twelve or fourteen. An instance was related to me where a girl had borne her first-born at ten, as nearly as her years could be ascertained, her husband, a White Man, being then sixty-odd.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., p. 500.

[554] For further authorities on family and domestic affairs, see: _Muhlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 456; _Delano's Life on the Plains_, pp. 306; _Forbes' Cal._, p. 190; _f.a.ges_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., pp. 317-26. Also quoted in _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, pp. 232-35; _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 178; _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 223-4; _Comellas' Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 5, 1860_; _Palou_, _Vida de Junipero Serra_, p. 217; _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., pp. 308, 500-6, vol. x., p. 325; _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., pp. 106-8; _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 170-1; _Borthwick's Three Years in Cal._, p. 129; _La Perouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 303; _Rollin_, in _Id._, tom. iv., pp.

57-8; _Laplace_, _Circ.u.mnav._, tom. vi., p. 145; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 112-13; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S.

Ex. Ex._, vol. v., pp. 201, 259; _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 457; _Gilbert, McAdam, and Jewett_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, pp. 242-4; _Revere's Tour_, p. 126; _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star_, 1852; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, pp. 367-70; _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 77; _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, pp. 83-8.

[555] Every traveler who has seen them dance enters into details of dress, etc.; but no two of these accounts are alike, and the reason of this is that they have no regular figures or costumes peculiar to their dances, but that every man, when his dress is not paint only, wears all the finery he possesses with an utter disregard for uniformity. 'At some of their dances we were told that they avoid particular articles of food, even fowls and eggs.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.

iii., p. 113. Dancing is executed at Santa Cruz, by forming a circle, a.s.suming a stooping posture, raising a loud, discordant chant, and, without moving from their places, lifting and lowering a foot, and twisting the body into various contortions. _Archives of Santa Cruz Mission._ 'In their dances they sometimes wear white masks.' _Wilkes'

Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 192. 'Se poudrent les cheveux avec du duvet d'oiseaux.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, part iii., p. 4. When a Wallie chief 'decides to hold a dance in his village, he dispatches messengers to the neighboring rancherias, each bearing a string whereon is tied a certain number of knots. Every morning thereafter the invited chief unties one of the knots, and when the last but one is reached, they joyfully set forth for the dance.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 325. For descriptions of dances of Neeshenams, see _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. xii., pp. 26-7.

[556] 'Each one had two and sometimes three whistles, made of reeds, in his mouth.' _San Francis...o...b..lletin_, _Oct. 21, 1858._ 'Some had whistles or double flageolets of reed which were stuck into their noses.' _Revere's Tour_, p. 133. 'The Gentiles do not possess any instrument whatever.' _Comellas' Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 5, 1860_. 'Their own original instrument consists of a very primitive whistle, some double, some single, and held in the mouth by one end, without the aid of the fingers; they are about the size and length of a common fife, and only about two notes can be sounded on them.' _Cal.

Farmer_, _Oct. 26, 1860_.

[557] 'They use a species of native tobacco of nauseous and sickening odour.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 107. 'They burned the aulone sh.e.l.l for the lime to mix with their tobacco, which they swallowed to make them drunk.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 27, 1860_. 'A species of tobacco is found on the sandy beaches which the Indians prepare and smoke.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 202. 'Se pusieron a chupar y repare en ellos la misma ceremonia de esparcir el humo hacia arriba diciendo en cada bocanada unas palabras; solo entendi una que fue _esmen_ que quiere decir sol; observe la misma costumbre de chupar primero el mas princ.i.p.al, luego da la pipa a otro, y da vuelta a otros.' _Palou_, _Noticias_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vii., p. 69; see also p. 77.

[558] On the subject of amus.e.m.e.nts, see _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p.

282. _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 307; _Helper's Land of Gold_, pp.

271-2; _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, pp. 72, 76-7; _Kostromitonow_, in _Id._, pp. 85-92; _Holinski_, _La Californie_, p. 173; _Comellas'

Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Oct. 5, 1860_; _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p.

178; _Drake's World Encomp._, p. 128; _Revere's Tour_, pp. 120-133; _San Francis...o...b..lletin_, _Oct. 21, 1858_, _Nov. 29, 1871_; _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., pp. 307-8, 501-5, vol. x., pp. 325-7; _Power's Pomo, MS._; _Laplace_, _Circ.u.mnav._, tom. vi., p. 150; _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 127; _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol.

iii., pp. 442-6; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 367; _Hist. Chretienne_, pp. 53-4; _Muhlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pp. ii., p. 456; _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. iii., pp. 4-5; _La Perouse_, _Voy._, vol. ii., pp.

306-7.

[559] The Meewocs 'believe that their male physicians, who are more properly sorcerers, can sit on a mountain top fifty miles distant from a man they wish to destroy, and compa.s.s his death by filliping poison towards him from their finger-ends.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 327.

[560] 'I incautiously entered one of these caverns during the operation above described, and was in a few moments so nearly suffocated with the heat, smoke, and impure air, that I found it difficult to make my way out.' _Bryant's Cal._, p. 272.

[561] 'Zur Heilung bedienen sich die Schamane der Krauter und Wurzeln, grosstentheils aber saugen sie mit dem Munde das Blut aus der kranken Stelle aus, wobei sie Steinchen oder kleine Schlangen in den Mund nehmen und darauf versichern, sie hatten dieselben aus der Wunde herausgezogen.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 95; see also pp. 83, 91, 94-5. 'Until now it has not been ascertained that the Indians had any remedy for curing the sick or allaying their sufferings. If they meet with an accident they invariably die.'

_Comellas' Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 5, 1860_. 'Ring-worm is cured by placing the milk of the poison oak in a circle round the affected part.' _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. iii., p. 440. 'Among the Meewocs stomachic affections and severe travail are treated with a plaster of hot ashes and moist earth spread on the stomach.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. x., p. 327. See further: _Pet.i.t-Thouars_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 140; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 370; _Holinski_, _La Californie_, p. 173; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 324; _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 35, 78; _San Joaquin Republican_, _Sept., 1858_; _La Perouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 63; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 103, 107; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U.

S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 193; _Pickering's Races_, in _Id._, vol. ix., p. 109; _f.a.ges_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p.

333; also quoted in _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p.

237; _Kneeland's Wonders of Yosemite_, p. 52; _Kelly's Excursion to Cal._, vol. ii., p. 284; _Powers' Pomo, MS._; _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 166; _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. ii., p. 94; _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 295; _Laplace_, _Circ.u.mnav._, tom. vi., p. 152.

[562] 'From north to south, in the present California, up to the Columbia river they burnt the dead in some tribes, and in others buried them. These modes of sepulture differed every few leagues.' _Taylor's Indianology_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _June 8, 1860_. A dead Oleepa was buried by one woman in 'a pit about four feet deep, and ten feet in front of the father's door.' _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 301. At Santa Cruz 'the Gentiles burn the bodies of their warriors and allies who fall in war; those who die of natural death they inter at sundown.' _Comellas'

Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 5, 1860_. The Indians of the Bay of San Francis...o...b..rned their dead with everything belonging to them, 'but those of the more southern regions buried theirs.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 363. In the vicinity of Clear Lake all the tribes with the exception of the Yubas bury their dead. _Geiger_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, p. 289.

[563] 'Los Runsienes dividian ultimamente entre los parientes las pocas cosas que componian la propiedad del difunto. Los Eslenes, al contrario, no solo no repartian cosa alguna, sino que todos sus amigos y subditos debian contribuir con algunos abalorios que enterraban con el cadaver del fallecido.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 172. 'If a woman dies in becoming a mother, the child, whether living or dead, is buried with its mother.' _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. iii., p. 437.

[564] 'Die nachsten Anverwandten schneiden sich das Haar ab und werfen es ins Feuer, wobei sie sich mit Steinen an die Brust schlagen, auf den Boden sturzen, ja bisweilen aus besonderer Anhanglichkeit zu dem Vers...o...b..nen sich blutrunstig oder gar zu Tode stossen; doch sind solche Falle selten.' _Kostromitonow_, in _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 88.

'The body is consumed upon a scaffold built over a hole, into which the ashes are thrown and covered.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.

iii., p. 112. See also: _Tehama Gazette_, _May, 1859_; _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, pp. 171-2; _Powers' Pomo, MS._; also in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., p. 502, vol. x., p. 328, vol. xii., p. 28; _San Francisco Evening Bulletin_, _April 4, 1861_; _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, pp.

448-50; _La Perouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 306; _Placerville Index_, 1857; _Marmier_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, pp. 230, 236; _Hutchings'

Cal. Mag._, vol. iii., p. 437; _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 178; _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 369; _Folsom Dispatch_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _Nov. 9, 1860_; _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 225; _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 458; _Henley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p.

242; _Forbes' Cal._, p. 195.

[565] In the Russian River Valley the Indians 'sind weichherzig, und von Natur nicht rachsuchtig ... sie erlernen mit Leichtigkeit mancherlei Handarbeiten und Gewerbe.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, pp. 77-8. Near Fort Ross 'sind sie sanft und friedfertig, und sehr fahig, besonders in der Auffa.s.sung sinnlicher Gegenstande. Nur in Folge ihrer unma.s.sigen Tragheit und Sorglosigkeit scheinen sie sehr dumm zu seyn.'

_Kostromitonow_, in _Id._, pp. 81-2. 'They appear ... by no means so stupid' as those at the missions. _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p.

26. At Bodega Bay 'their disposition is most liberal.' _Maurelle's Jour._, p. 47. At Clear Lake 'they are docile, mild, easily managed ...

roguish, ungrateful, and incorrigibly lazy ... cowardly and cringing towards the whites ... thorough sensualists and most abandoned gamblers ... wretchedly improvident.' _Revere's Tour_, pp. 120-1. In the Sacramento Valley they are 'excessively jealous of their squaws ...

stingy and inhospitable.' _Kelly's Excursion to Cal._, vol. ii., p. 114.

'A mirthful race, always disposed to jest and laugh.' _Dana_, in _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 222. 'Possessed of mean, treacherous, and cowardly traits of character, and the most thievish propensities.' _Johnson's Cal. and Ogn._, p. 143. In the vicinity of San Francis...o...b..y 'they are certainly a race of the most miserable beings I ever saw, possessing the faculty of human reason.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 13. 'For the most part an idle, intemperate race.'

_Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. ii., p. 78. 'They are a people of a tractable, free, and louing nature, without guile or treachery.'

_Drake's World Encomp._, p. 131. 'Bastantes rancherias de gentiles muy mansos y apacibles.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom.

vi., p. 497. 'Son muy mansos, afables, de buenas caras y los mas de ellos barbados.' _Palou_, _Noticias_, in _Id._, tom. vii., p. 59. At Monterey they 'etaient lourds et peu intelligents.' Those living farther from the missions were not without 'une certaine finesse, commune a tous les hommes eleves dans l'etat de nature.' _Pet.i.t-Thouars_, _Voy._, tom.

ii., p. 134. 'Ces peuples sont si peu courageux, qu'ils n'opposent jamais aucune resistance aux trois ou quatre soldats qui violent si evidement a leur egard le droit des gens.' _La Perouse_, _Voy._, tom.

ii., p. 297. 'The Yukas are a tigerish, truculent, sullen, thievish, and every way bad, but brave race.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol.

ix., p. 306. The Tahtoos were very cowardly and peace-loving. _Powers'

Pomo, MS._ Than the Oleepas 'a more jolly, laughter-loving, careless, and good-natured people do not exist.... For intelligence they are far behind the Indians east of the Rocky Mountains.' _Delano's Life on the Plains_, p. 297. The Kannimares 'were considered a brave and warlike Indian race.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _March 30, 1860_. The condition of the Wallas 'is the most miserable that it is possible to conceive; their mode of living, the most abject and dest.i.tute known to man.' _Henley_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 241. The Fresno River Indians 'are peaceable, quiet and industrious.' _Henley_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1854, p. 304. A rational, calculating people, generally industrious. _Lewis_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, p. 291. On the coast range north and east of Mendocino 'they are a timid and generally inoffensive race.' _Bailey_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1858, p. 304. In Placer County they are industrious, honest, and temperate; the females strictly virtuous. _Brown_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1856, p. 243. Lazy, trifling, drunken. _Applegate_, _Ib._ In Tuolumne: friendly, generally honest, truthful; men lazy, women industrious. _Jewett_, _Id._, p. 244.

In the Yosemite Valley, 'though low in the scale of man, they are not the abject creatures generally represented; they are mild, harmless, and singularly honest.' _Kneeland's Wonders of Yosemite_, p. 52. At Santa Clara they have no ambition, are entirely regardless of reputation and renown. _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 21. In stupid apathy 'they exceed every race of men I have ever known, not excepting the degraded races of Terra del Fuego or Van Dieman's Land.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 97. At Santa Cruz 'they are so inclined to lying that they almost always will confess offences they have not committed;' very l.u.s.tful and inhospitable. _Comellas' Letter_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 5, 1860_. At Kelsey River they are 'amiable and thievish.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 124. 'In general terms, the California Indians are more timid, peaceable, and joyous than any of their neighbors.' _Stephens_, in _Powers' Pomo, MS._ 'Their stupidity, insensibility, ignorance, inconstancy, slavery to appet.i.te, excessive sloth and laziness, being absorbed for the time in the stir and din of night-watching and battle, give them a new existence.' _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 366. 'Faul und jeder Anstrengung abgeneigt.' _Osswald_, _Californien_, p. 63. 'Stupidity seemed to be their distinctive character.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 239. 'Loose, lazy, careless, capricious, childish and fickle.' _Taylor_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _March 2, 1860_. 'They are really the most harmless tribes on the American continent.' _Gerstaecker's Nar._, p. 212. Revengeful, timid, treacherous and ungrateful. _Kelly's Excursion to Cal._, vol. ii., p.

284. 'Cowardly, treacherous, filthy and indolent.' _Johnston_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 223. 'Dull, indolent, phlegmatic, timid and of a gentle, submissive temper.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S.

Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 199. 'In stature no less than in mind are certainly of a very inferior race of human beings.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 168. 'Pusillanimous.' _Forbes' Cal._, p. 183. 'Ils sont egalement extremes dans l'expression de la joie et de la colere.'

_Rollin_, in _La Perouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 58. 'Seemed to be almost of the lowest grade of human beings.' _King's Rept._, in _Bayard Taylor's El Dorado, Appendix_, vol. ii., p. 210. 'Die Indianer von Californien sind physisch und moralisch den andern Indianern untergeordnet.' _Wimmel_, _Californien_, p. 177. 'Su estupidez mas parece un entorpecimiento de las potencias por falta de accion y por pereza caracteristica, que limitacion absoluta de sus facultades intelectuales; y asi quando se las pone en movimiento, y se les dan ideas, no dexan de discernir y de aprender lo que se les ensena.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 164. 'I noticed that all the Indians from Southern to Northern California were low, shiftless, indolent, and cowardly.' _Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs_, p. 16. Cowardly and treacherous in the extreme. _Life of Gov. L. W. Boggs, by his Son, MS._

[566] At Santa Catalina 'las mujeres son muy hermosas y honestas, los ninos son blancos y rubios y muy risuenos.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, p.

18, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv. See also _Farnham's Life in Cal._, p. 140; _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 712. At Santa Barbara, 'son mas altos, dispuestos, y membrados, que otros, que antes se avian visto.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 714. On the coast from San Diego to San Francisco they are 'd'une couleur foncee, de pet.i.te taille, et a.s.sez mal faits.' _f.a.ges_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 153; see also _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p. 226. At San Luis Rey, 'sont bien faits et d'une taille moyenne.' _Id._, p. 171; quoted in _Marmier_, p. 229. An Indian seen at Santa Inez Mission 'was about twenty-seven years old, with a black thick beard, iris of the eyes light chocolate-brown, nose small and round, lips not thick, face long and angular.' _Cal. Farmer_, _May 4, 1860_. The Noches 'aunque de buena disposicion son delgados y bastante delicados para andar a pie.' _Garces_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 295. 'Well proportioned in figure, and of n.o.ble appearance.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 45. 'The women (of the Diegenos) are beautifully developed, and superbly formed, their bodies as straight as an arrow.' _Michler_, in _Emory's U. S. and Mex., Bound.

Survey_, vol. i., p. 107. The Cahuillas 'are a filthy and miserable-looking set, and great beggars, presenting an unfavorable contrast to the Indian upon the Colorado.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R.

Rept._, vol. iii., p. 134.

[567] The ordinary cloak descends to the waist: 'le chef seul en a une qui lui tombe jusqu'au jarret, et c'est la la seule marque de distinction.' _f.a.ges_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1844, tom. ci., p. 172; see also _Marmier_, _Notice_, in _Bryant_, _Voy. en Cal._, p.

229.

[568] These capes Father Crespi describes as being 'unos capotillos hechos de pieles de liebres y conejos de que hacen tiras y tercidas como mecate; cosen uno con otro y las defienden del frio cubriendolas por la honestidad.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iv., tom. vi., pp.

291-2; see also _Id._, p. 312.

[569] The lobo marino of the Spanish is the common seal and sea calf of the English; le veau marin and phoque commun of the French; vecchio marino of the Italians; Meerwolf and Meerhund of the Germans; Zee-Hund of the Dutch; Sael-hund of the Danes; Sial of the Swedes; and moelrhon of the Welsh. _Knight's Eng. Encyc. Nat. Hist._, vol. iv., p. 299.

[570] _Reid_, in _Los Angeles Star_.