meanness. _Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 210.

[374] _Quiarlpi_, 'Basket People,' _Chaudieres_, 'Kettles,' _Kettle Falls_, _Chualpays_, _Skoielpoi_, and _Lakes_, are some of the names applied to these bands.

[375] 'Ils s'appellent entre eux les Enfants du Soleil, dans leur langue Spokane.' _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Oregon_, p. 31. 'Differing very little from the Indians at Colville, either in their appearance, habits, or language.' _Kane's Wand._, p. 307.

[376] So much intermarried with the Yakamas that they have almost lost their nationality.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 236.

[377] 'Pierced Noses,' so named by the Canadians, perhaps from the nasal ornaments of the first of the tribe seen, although the custom of piercing the nose has never been known to be prevalent with this people.

'Generally known and distinguished by the name of "black robes," in contradistinction to those who live on fish.' Named Nez Perces from the custom of boring the nose to receive a white sh.e.l.l, like the fluke of an anchor. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 305, 185-6. 'There are two tribes of the Pierced-Nose Indians, the upper and the lower. _Brownell's Ind. Races_, pp. 533-5. 'Though originally the same people, their dialect varies very perceptibly from that of the Tushepaws.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 341. Called _Thoiga-rik-kah_, _Tsoi-gah_, 'Cowse-eaters,' by the Snakes. 'Ten times better off to-day than they were then'--'a practical refutation of the time-honored lie, that intercourse with whites is an injury to Indians.' _Stuart's Montana_, pp. 76-7. 'In character and appearance, they resemble more the Indians of the Missouri than their neighbors, the Salish.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 212; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p.

54.

[378] 'La tribu Paloose appartient a la nation des Nez-perces et leur ressemble sous tous les rapports.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 31.

[379] The name comes from that of the river. It should be p.r.o.nounced Wala-Wala, very short. _Pandosy's Gram._, p. 9. 'Descended from slaves formerly owned and liberated by the Nez Perces.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 247. 'Not unlike the Pierced-Noses in general appearance, language, and habits.' _Brownell's Ind. Races_, pp. 533-5.

Parts of three different nations at the confluence of the Snake and Columbia. _Ga.s.s' Jour._, pp. 218-19, 'None of the Indians have any permanent habitations' on the south bank of the Columbia about and above the Dalles. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 365. 'Generally camping in winter on the north side of the river.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 223.

[380] The name Yakima is a word meaning 'Black Bear' in the Walla Walla dialect. They are called Klikatats west of the mountains. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 407. 'The Klikatats and Yakimas, in all essential peculiarities of character, are identical, and their intercourse is constant.' _Id._, p. 403, and _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1854, p. 225. 'Pshawanwappam bands, usually called Yakamas.' The name signifies 'Stony Ground.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii.

'Roil-roil-pam, is the Klikatat country.' 'Its meaning is "the Mouse country."' _Id._ The Yakima valley is a great national rendezvous for these and surrounding nations. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 19, 21.

Kliketats, meaning robbers, was first the name given to the Whulwhypums, and then extended to all speaking the same language. For twenty-five years before 1854 they overran the Willamette Valley, but at that time were forced by government to retire to their own country. _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 244-7.

[381] Wasco is said to mean 'basin,' and the tribe derives its name, traditionally, from the fact that formerly one of their chiefs, his wife having died, spent much of his time in making cavities or basins in the soft rock for his children to fill with water and pebbles, and thereby amuse themselves. _Victor's All over Ogn._, pp. 94-5. The word Cayuse is perhaps the French _Cailloux_, 'pebbles.' Called by Tolmie, 'Wyeilats or Kyoose.' He says their language has an affinity to that of the Carriers and Umpquas. _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 249-50. 'Resemble the Walla-Wallas very much.' _Kane's Wand._, pp. 279-80. 'The imperial tribe of Oregon' claiming jurisdiction over the whole Columbia region.

_Farnham's Trav._, p. 81. The Snakes, Walla-Wallas, and Cayuse meet annually in the Grande Ronde Valley. _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol.

i., p. 270. 'Individuals of the pure blood are few, the majority being intermixed with the Nez Perces and the Wallah-Wallahs.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 218-19. The region which I give to the Wascos and Cayuses is divided on Hale's map between the Walla-Wallas, Waiilatpu, and Molele.

[382] In the interior the 'men are tall, the women are of common stature, and both are well formed.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 229. 'Of middle height, slender.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 199. The inland tribes of British Columbia, compared with those on the coast, 'are of a better cast, being generally of the middle height.'

_Id._, p. 198. See also p. 206. The Nez Perces and Cayuses 'are almost universally fine-looking, robust men.' In criticising the person of one of that tribe 'one was forcibly reminded of the Apollo Belvidere.'

_Townsend's Nar._, pp. 148, 98. The Klikatat 'stature is low, with light, sinewy limbs.' _Id._, p. 178; also pp. 158-174. The Walla-Wallas are generally powerful men, at least six feet high, and the Cayuse are still 'stouter and more athletic.' _Gairdner_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 256. The Umatillas 'may be a superior race to the "Snakes," but I doubt it.' _Barnhart_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1862, p.

271. The Salish are 'rather below the average size, but are well knit, muscular, and good-looking.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p.

208. 'Well made and active.' _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 311, 327. 'Below the middle hight, with thick-set limbs.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p.

88, vol. ii., pp. 55-6, 64-5. The Cootonais are above the medium height.

Very few Shushwaps reach the height of five feet nine inches. _c.o.x's Adven._, vol. ii., pp. 155, 376, vol. i., p. 240. See also on physique of the inland nations, _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 321, 340, 356, 359, 382, 527-8, 556-7; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p.

475; _Dunn_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 26, 1861_; _San Francisco Herald_, _June, 1858_; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 309, 414; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 151; _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 105-6, and vol. i., frontispiece, cut of a group of Spokanes. _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 30, 198; _Palmer's Jour._, p. 54; _Ross' Adven._, pp. 127, 294; _Stuart's Montana_, p. 82.

[383] The interior tribes have 'long faces, and bold features, thin lips, wide cheek-bones, smooth skins, and the usual tawny complexion of the American tribes.' 'Features of a less exaggerated harshness' than the coast tribes. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p.

198-9. 'Hair and eyes are black, their cheek bones high, and very frequently they have aquiline noses.' 'They wear their hair long, part it upon their forehead, and let it hang in tresses on each side, or down behind.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 229. Complexion 'a little fairer than other Indians.' _Id._ The Okanagans are 'better featured and handsomer in their persons, though darker, than the Chinooks or other Indians along the sea-coast.' 'Teeth white as ivory, well set and regular.' The voices of Walla Wallas, Nez Perces, and Cayuses, are strong and masculine. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 294, 127. The Flatheads (Nez Perces) are 'the whitest Indians I ever saw.' _Ga.s.s' Jour._, p. 189. The Shushwap 'complexion is darker, and of a more muddy, coppery hue than that of the true Red Indian.' _Milton and Cheadle's N. W. Pa.s.s._, p.

335. The Nez Perces darker than the Tushepaws. Dignified and pleasant features. Would have quite heavy beards if they shaved. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 340, 356, 359, 527-8, 556-7, 321. The inland natives are an ugly race, with 'broad faces, low foreheads, and rough, coppery and tanned skins.' The Salish 'features are less regular, and their complexion darker' than the Sahaptins. _Domenech's Deserts_, vol.

i., p. 88, vol. ii., pp. 55-6. Teeth of the river tribes worn down by sanded salmon. _Anderson_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 228; _Kane's Wand._, p. 273. Nez Perces and Cayuses 'are almost universally fine looking, robust men, with strong aquiline features, and a much more cheerful cast of countenance than is usual amongst the race. Some of the women might almost be called beautiful, and none that I have seen are homely.' Some very handsome young girls among the Walla Wallas. The Kliketat features are 'regular, though often devoid of expression.'

_Townsend's Nar._, pp. 78, 148, 158, 178. Flatheads 'comparatively very fair in complexion, ... with oval faces, and a mild, and playful expression of countenance.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 311. The Kayuls had long dark hair, and regular features. _c.o.ke's Rocky Mountains_, p. 304. Cut and description of a Clickitat skull, in _Morton's Crania_, p. 214, pl.

48. 'The Flatheads are the ugliest, and most of their women are far from being beauties.' _Stuart's Montana_, p. 82.

[384] 'The Sahaptin and Wallawallas compress the head, but not so much as the tribes near the coast. It merely serves with them to make the forehead more retreating, which, with the aquiline nose common to these natives, gives to them occasionally, a physiognomy similar to that represented in the hieroglyphical paintings of Central America.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 214, 205. All the Shushwaps flatten the head more or less. _Mayne's B. C._, p. 303. 'Il est a remarquer que les tribus etablies au-dessus de la jonction de la branche sud de la Colombie, et designees sous le nom de Tetes Plates, ont renonce depuis longtemps a cet usage.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 349. 'A roundhead Klickatat woman would be a pariah.' _Winthrop's Canoe and Saddle_, p. 204. Nez Perces 'seldom known to flatten the head.' _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 108. See _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 55-6, 64-5; _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol.

ii., pp. 231-2, 249-51; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 175; _Kane's Wand._, p.

263; _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 207-8; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex.

Ex._, vol. iv., p. 415, with cut. Walla Wallas, Skyuse, and Nez Perces flatten the head and perforate the nose. _Farnham's Trav._, p. 85; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 374, 359; _Ga.s.s' Jour._, p. 224.

[385] _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., pp. 38-9; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 362, 382-3.

[386] The Salish 'profuse in the use of paint.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1854, pp. 207-8, and in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 309. Nez Perces painted in colored stripes. _Hines' Voy._, p. 173. 'Four Indians (Nez Perces) streaked all over with white mud.' _Kane's Wand._, p. 291.

Walla Walla 'faces painted red.' The Okanagan 'young of both s.e.xes always paint their faces with red and black bars.' _Ross' Adven._, pp.

127, 294-8. The inland tribes 'appear to have less of the propensity to adorn themselves with painting, than the Indians east of the mountains, but not unfrequently vermilion mixed with red clay, is used not only upon their faces but upon their hair.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 229.

Red clay for face paint, obtained at Vermilion Forks of the Similkameen River, in B. C. _Palmer_, in _B. C. Papers_, vol. iii., p. 84. Pend d'Oreille women rub the face every morning with a mixture of red and brown powder, which is made to stick by a coating of fish-oil. _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 198.

[387] The Oakinack 'women wear their hair neatly clubbed on each side of the head behind the ears, and ornamented with double rows of the snowy higua, which are among the Oakinackens called Shet-la-cane; but they keep it shed or divided in front. The men's hair is queued or rolled up into a knot behind the head, and ornamented like that of the women; but in front it falls or hangs down loosely before the face, covering the forehead and the eyes, which causes them every now and then to shake the head, or use the hands to uncover their eyes.' _Ross' Adven._, pp.

294-5. The head of the Nez Perces not ornamented. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 341, 321, 351, 377, 528, 532-3; _c.o.ke's Rocky Mts._, p. 304; _Kane's Wand._, p. 274.

[388] The Ootlashoot women wear 'a long shirt of skin, reaching down to the ancles, and tied round the waist.' Few ornaments. The Nez Perces wear 'the buffalo or elk-skin robe decorated with beads, sea-sh.e.l.ls, chiefly mother-of-pearl, attached to an otter-skin collar and hung in the hair.' Leggins and moccasins are painted; a plait of twisted gra.s.s is worn round the neck. The women wear their long robe without a girdle, but to it 'are tied little pieces of bra.s.s and sh.e.l.ls, and other small articles.' 'The dress of the female is indeed more modest, and more studiously so than any we have observed, though the other s.e.x is careless of the indelicacy of exposure.' 'The Sokulk females have no other covering but a truss or piece of leather tied round the hips and then drawn tight between the legs.' Three fourths of the Pisquitpaws 'have scarcely any robes at all.' The Chilluckittequaws use skins of wolves, deer, elk, and wild cats. 'Round their neck is put a strip of some skin with the tail of the animal hanging down over the breast.'

_Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 321, 340-1, 351, 359, 361, 377, 526, 528, 532-3. Many of the Walla Walla, Nez Perce, and Cayuse females wore robes 'richly garnished with beads, higuas,' etc. The war chief wears as a head-dress the whole skin of a wolf's head, with the ears standing erect. The Okanagans wear in winter long detachable sleeves or mittens of wolf or fox skin, also wolf or bear skin caps when hunting. Men and women dress nearly alike, and are profuse in the use of ornaments.

_Ross' Adven._, p. 127, 294-8; _Id._, _Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 306.

The Flatheads often change their clothing and clean it with pipe-clay.

They have no regular head-dress. From the Yakima to the Okanagan the men go naked, and the women wear only a belt with a slip pa.s.sing between the legs. _c.o.x's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 133, 148, 240-1, vol. ii., p. 144.

Nez Perces better clad than any others, Cayuses well clothed, Walla Wallas naked and half starved. _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 54, 124, 127-8. At the Dalles, women 'go nearly naked, for they wear little else than what may be termed a breech-cloth, of buckskin, which is black and filthy with dirt.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 409-10, 426, 473. The Kliketat women wear a short pine-bark petticoat tied round the loins. _Townsend's Nar._, pp. 78, 178, 148. 'Their buffaloe robes and other skins they chiefly procure on the Missouri, when they go over to hunt, as there are no buffaloe in this part of the country and very little other game.' _Ga.s.s' Jour._, pp. 189, 205, 218-19, 295. Tusshepaw 'women wore caps of willow neatly worked and figured.' _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 315, 317, 319; _Id._, _Bonneville's Adven._, p. 301. The Flathead women wear straw hats, used also for drinking and cooking purposes. _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 45-7, 198. The Shushwaps wear in wet weather capes of bark trimmed with fur, and reaching to the elbows.

Moccasins are more common than on the coast, but they often ride barefoot. _Mayne's B. C._, p. 301. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 229-30; _Kane's Wand._, p. 264, and cut; _Fremont's Ogn. and Cal._, pp. 186-7; _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 222; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p.

153; _Franchere's Nar._, p. 268; _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 311; _c.o.ke's Rocky Mts._, p. 304; _Hunt_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, tom. x., 1821, pp. 74-5, 78.

[389] The Sokulk houses 'generally of a square or oblong form, varying in length from fifteen to sixty feet, and supported in the inside by poles or forks about six feet high.' The roof is nearly flat. The Echeloot and Chilluckittequaw houses were of the Chinook style, partially sunk in the ground. The Nez Perces live in houses built 'of straw and mats, in the form of the roof of a house.' One of these 'was one hundred and fifty-six feet long, and about fifteen wide, closed at the ends, and having a number of doors on each side.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 340, 351, 369-70, 381-2, 540. Nez Perce dwellings twenty to seventy feet long and from ten to fifteen feet wide; free from vermin. Flathead houses conical but s.p.a.cious, made of buffalo and moose skins over long poles. Spokane lodges oblong or conical, covered with skins or mats. _c.o.x's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 148, 192, 200. Nez Perce and Cayuse lodges 'composed of ten long poles, the lower ends of which are pointed and driven into the ground; the upper blunt and drawn together at the top by thongs' covered with skins. 'Universally used by the mountain Indians while travelling.' Umatillas live in 'shantys or wigwams of driftwood, covered with buffalo or deer skins.' Klicatats 'in miserable loose hovels.' _Townsend's Nar._, pp. 104-5, 156, 174.

Okanagan winter lodges are long and narrow, 'chiefly of mats and poles, covered over with gra.s.s and earth;' dug one or two feet below the surface; look like the roof of a common house set on the ground. _Ross'

Adven._, pp. 313-4. On the Yakima River 'a small canopy, hardly sufficient to shelter a sheep, was found to contain four generations of human beings.' _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., pp.

34, 37. On the Clearwater 'there are not more than four lodges in a place or village, and these small camps or villages are eight or ten miles apart.' 'Summer lodges are made of willows and flags, and their winter lodges of split pine.' _Ga.s.s' Jour._, pp. 212, 221, 223. 'At Kettle Falls, the lodges are of rush mats.' 'A flooring is made of sticks, raised three or four feet from the ground, leaving the s.p.a.ce beneath it entirely open, and forming a cool, airy, and shady place, in which to hang their salmon.' _Kane's Wand._, pp. 309, 272-3. The Pend d'Oreilles roll their tent-mats into cylindrical bundles for convenience in traveling. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 215, 238, 282.

_Barnhart_, in _Id._, 1862, p. 271. The Shushwap den is warm but 'necessarily unwholesome, and redolent ... of anything but roses.'

_Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 77. Yakimas, 'rude huts covered with mats.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 407.

Shushwaps erect rude slants of bark or matting; have no tents or houses.

_Milton and Cheadle's N. W. Pa.s.s._, p. 242. From the swamps south of Flatbow Lake, 'the Kootanie Indians obtain the klusquis or thick reed, which is the only article that serves them in the construction of their lodges,' and is traded with other tribes. _Sullivan_, in _Palliser's Explor._, p. 15. In winter the Salish cover their mats with earth.

_Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 207. Flag huts of the Walla Wallas. _Farnham's Trav._, p. 85; _Mullan's Rept._, pp. 49-50; _Palmer's Jour._, p. 61; _c.o.ke's Rocky Mts._, p. 295; _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 315, 319; _Id._, _Bonneville's Adven._, p. 301; _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 185; _Id._, _West. Missions_, p. 284; _Lord's Nat._, vol.

ii., pp. 105-6. _Hunt_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, tom. x., 1821, pp. 74-5, 79.

[390] Natives begin to a.s.semble at Kettle Falls about three weeks before the salmon begin to run; feuds are laid by; horse-racing, gambling, love-making, etc., occupy the a.s.sembly; and the medicine-men are busy working charms for a successful season. The fish are cut open, dried on poles over a small fire, and packed in bales. On the Fraser each family or village fishes for itself; near the mouth large gaff-hooks are used, higher up a net managed between two canoes. All the princ.i.p.al Indian fishing-stations on the Fraser are below Fort Hope. For sturgeon a spear seventy to eighty feet long is used. Cut of sturgeon-fishing. _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., pp. 71-6, 181, 184-6. The Pend d'Oreilles 'annually construct a fence which reaches across the stream, and guides the fish into a weir or rack,' on Clarke River, just above the lake. The Walla Walla 'fisheries at the Dalles and the falls, ten miles above, are the finest on the river.' The Yakima weirs constructed 'upon horizontal spars, and supported by tripods of strong poles erected at short distances apart; two of the logs fronting up stream, and one supporting them below;' some fifty or sixty yards long. The salmon of the Okanagan were 'of a small species, which had a.s.sumed a uniform red color.' 'The fishery at the Kettle Falls is one of the most important on the river, and the arrangements of the Indians in the shape of drying-scaffolds and store-houses are on a corresponding scale.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp.

214, 223, 231, 233; _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 407-8.

The salmon chief at Kettle Falls distributes the fish among the people, every one, even the smallest child, getting an equal share. _Kane's Wand._, pp. 311-14. On Des Chutes River 'they spear the fish with barbed iron points, fitted loosely by sockets to the ends of poles about eight feet long,' to which they are fastened by a thong about twelve feet long. _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi., p. 90. On the upper Columbia an Indian 'cut off a bit of his leathern shirt, about the size of a small bean; then pulling out two or three hairs from his horse's tail for a line, tied the bit of leather to one end of it, in place of a hook or fly.' _Ross' Adven._, pp. 132-3. At the mouth of Flatbow River 'a dike of round stones, which runs up obliquely against the main stream, on the west side, for more than one hundred yards in length, resembling the foundation of a wall.' Similar range on the east side, supposed to be for taking fish at low water. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol.

ii., pp. 165-6. West of the Rocky Mountains they fish 'with great success by means of a kind of large basket suspended from a long cord.'

_Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 240-1. On Powder River they use the hook as a gaff. _c.o.ke's Rocky Mts._, p. 283. A Wasco spears three or four salmon of twenty to thirty pounds each in ten minutes. _Remy and Brenchley's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 506. No salmon are taken above the upper falls of the Columbia. _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. i., p.

392. Walla Walla fish-weirs 'formed of two curtains of small willow switches matted together with withes of the same plant, and extending across the river in two parallel lines, six feet asunder. These are supported by several parcels of poles, ... and are either rolled up or let down at pleasure for a few feet.... A seine of fifteen or eighteen feet in length is then dragged down the river by two persons, and the bottom drawn up against the curtain of willows.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 532. Make fishing-nets of flax. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p.

90. 'The Inland, as well as the Coast, tribes, live to a great extent upon salmon.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 242; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, pp. 152-3.

Palouse 'live solely by fishing.' _Mullan's Rept._, p. 49. Salmon cannot ascend to Coeur d'Alene Lake. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol.

vi., pp. 209-10. Okanagan food 'consists princ.i.p.ally of salmon and a small fish which they call carp.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 462. The Walla Wallas 'may well be termed the fishermen of the Skyuse camp.' _Farnham's Trav._, p. 82.

[391] The Shushwaps formerly crossed the mountains to the a.s.sinniboine territory. The Okanagans when hunting wear wolf or bear skin caps; there is no bird or beast whose voice they cannot imitate. War and hunting were the Nez Perce occupation; cross the mountains for buffalo. _Ross'

Fur Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 148, 219, 297-8, 305. The chief game of the Nez Perces is the deer, 'and whenever the ground will permit, the favourite hunt is on horseback.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 555. The Salish live by the chase, on elk, moose, deer, big-horn and bears; make two trips annually, spring to fall, and fall to mid-winter, across the mountains, accompanied by other nations. The Pend d'Oreilles hunt deer in the snow with clubs; have distinct localities for hunting each kind of game. Nez Perces, Flatheads, Coeurs d'Alene, Spokanes, Pend d'Oreilles, etc., hunt together. Yakimas formerly joined the Flatheads in eastern hunt. _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 207-8, 212-15, 218, 225-6.

'Two hunts annually across the mountains--one in April, for the bulls, from which they return in June and July; and another, after about a month's recruit, to kill cows, which have by that time become fat.'

_Stevens, Gibbs, and Suckley_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp.

415, 408, 296-7, vol. xii., p. 134. Kootenais live by the chase princ.i.p.ally. _Hutchins_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 455. Spokanes rather indolent in hunting; hunting deer by fire. _c.o.x's Adven._, vol.

i., pp. 197, vol. ii., pp. 46-7. The Kootenais 'seldom hunt;' there is not much to shoot except wild fowl in fall. Trap beaver and carriboeuf on a tributary of the Kootanie River. _Palliser's Explor._, pp. 10, 15, 73. Flatheads 'follow the buffalo upon the headwaters of Clarke and Salmon rivers.' Nez Perce women accompany the men to the buffalo-hunt.

_Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 107, 311. Kootenais cross the mountains for buffalo. _Mayne's B. C._, p. 297. Coeurs d'Alene ditto. _Mullan's Rept._, p. 49. Half of the Nez Perces 'usually make a trip to the buffalo country for three months.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 494. Shushwaps 'live by hunting the bighorns, mountain goats, and marmots.' _Milton and Cheadle's N. W. Pa.s.s._, p. 242. Buffalo never pa.s.s to west of the Rocky Mountains. _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p.

179; _Kane's Wand._, p. 328; _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 31, 45, 144-5; _Ind.

Life_, pp. 23-4, 34-41; _Franchere's Nar._, pp. 268-9; _Hunt_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, tom. x., 1821, pp. 77-82; _Stuart_, in _Id._, tom. xii., pp. 25, 35-6; _Joset_, in _Id._, tom. cxxiii., 1849, pp. 334-40.

[392] The Kliketats gather and eat _peahay_, a bitter root boiled into a jelly; _n'poolthla_, ground into flour; _mamum_ and _seekywa_, made into bitter white cakes; _kama.s.s_; _calz_, a kind of wild sunflower.

_Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 247. The Flatheads go every spring to Cama.s.s Prairie. _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 183. The Kootenais eat kamash and an edible moss. _Id._, _Missions de l'Oregon_, pp. 75-6. 'The Cayooses, Nez Perces, and other warlike tribes a.s.semble (in Yakima Valley) every spring to lay in a stock of the favourite kama.s.s and pelua, or sweet potatoes.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 19. Quamash, round, onion-shaped, and sweet, eaten by the Nez Perces. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 330. Couse root dug in April or May; camas in June and July. _Alvord_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 656. The Skyuses 'main subsistence is however upon roots.' The Nez Perces eat _kamash_, _cowish_ or biscuit root, _jackap_, _aisish_, _quako_, etc.