Red-shafted Flicker. 22.

e^4 Wings and tail _golden red_ beneath; mustaches red; crown brown.

Guadalupe Flicker. 24.

b^3 _Streaked, spotted, or barred with white on back and wings_ (f).

f^1 _Back streaked_, _plain_, or _varied_, _never_ barred with white; wings _spotted_ with white (g).

g^1 _Clear_ white and black; _white streak down the back_ (h).

h^1 Medium size, 9-11 inches.

Hairy Woodp.e.c.k.e.r. 2.

h^2 Small size, 6-7 inches.

Downy Woodp.e.c.k.e.r. 3.

g^2 _Grayish_ white and black; _sides closely barred_ (i).

i^1 Back plain black, white _stripe_ down side of throat.

Female of Arctic Three-toed Woodp.e.c.k.e.r. 9.

i^2 Back with interrupted white stripe, white _line_ down side of throat.

Female of American Three-toed Woodp.e.c.k.e.r. 10.

(NOTE.--The males are similar with the addition of the yellow crown. The three toes cannot ordinarily be seen in life.)

g^3 _Yellowish_ (often dingy or s.m.u.tty), white and black; under parts yellowish; back varied with white, no line nor streak; _rump white_; _white wing-bars_ (j).

j^1 Breast with black patch; head of adult with red patches.

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. 11.

j^2 Breast and head red.

Red-breasted Sapsucker. 12.

f^2 _Back barred with white_; wings spotted or barred with white (k).

k^1 Belly _white; ear coverts white_.

Red-c.o.c.kaded Woodp.e.c.k.e.r. 4.

k^2 Belly _white; forehead black_.

Nuttall's Woodp.e.c.k.e.r. 6.

k^3 Belly _smoky brown_; forehead and breast same.

Texan Woodp.e.c.k.e.r. 5.

k^4 Belly _sulphur or lemon yellow_.

Female of Williamson's Woodp.e.c.k.e.r. 13.

k^5 Belly _pinkish red_.

Red-bellied Woodp.e.c.k.e.r. 18.

k^6 Belly _yellow_, hind neck and forehead orange.

Golden-fronted Woodp.e.c.k.e.r. 19.

k^7 Belly _yellow_, hind neck brown.

Gila Woodp.e.c.k.e.r. 20.

B. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE WOODp.e.c.k.e.rS OF NORTH AMERICA.

The following are descriptions of all the species of Woodp.e.c.k.e.rs found in North America, arranged in their proper genera and in the order given in the check list of the American Ornithologists' Union, 1895; with the range of species and subspecies as defined by the same authority or by Bendire's "Life Histories of North American Birds."

1. CAMPEPHILUS PRINc.i.p.aLIS, _Ivory-billed Woodp.e.c.k.e.r_.

Glossy black except _white secondaries_ (very conspicuous) and white stripe from beneath ear down neck and shoulders; white nasal tufts; _bill white_. Both s.e.xes crested; [M]

with scarlet occipital crest, [F] with crest black. Iris yellow. 20 inches.

Cypress swamps of Gulf States, locally distributed.

The largest, shyest, and rarest of our woodp.e.c.k.e.rs.

2. DRYOBATES VILLOSUS, _Hairy Woodp.e.c.k.e.r_.

Black and white. Upper parts glossy black with a broad _white stripe_ down the back; wings thickly spotted with white; under parts white; three outer pairs of tail feathers white; two white and two black stripes on sides of head; nasal tufts brownish white. [M] with scarlet occipital patch. 9-10 inches.

Eastern United States except South Atlantic and Gulf States, with the following subspecies, all the races being resident the year round, and breeding in most places where they are found:--

a. _D. v. leucomelas_, _Northern Hairy Woodp.e.c.k.e.r_. 10-11 inches.

Larger, whiter.

British America.

b. _D. v. audubonii_, _Southern Hairy Woodp.e.c.k.e.r_. 8-8.5 inches.

Smaller, more dingy white.

South Atlantic and Gulf States.

c. _D. v. harrisii_, _Harris's Woodp.e.c.k.e.r_. 9-10 inches.

Upper parts with less white, few wing spots, under parts soiled white or smoky brown; larger than next.

Northwest coast, northern California to Alaska.

d. _D. v. hyloscopus_, _Cabanis's Woodp.e.c.k.e.r_. 8.5-9.5 inches.

White stripe down back very wide; purer white below than _harrisii_; fewer wing spots than _leucomelas_ and _villosus_.

Western United States, except northwest coast, east to the Rocky Mountains.

e. _D. v. monticola_, _Rocky Mountain Woodp.e.c.k.e.r_. 10-11 inches.

Larger; more white spots near bend of wing and secondaries than _hyloscopus_, fewer than _villosus_; pure white below.

Rocky Mountains west to Uintah Mountains, Utah.

3. DRYOBATES p.u.b.eSCENS, _Southern Downy Woodp.e.c.k.e.r_.

Black and white; broad _white stripe_ down back; wings thickly spotted with white; under parts white. [M] with scarlet occipital patch. A miniature Hairy Woodp.e.c.k.e.r, differing only in having _four_ outer pairs of tail feathers more or less white and the _outermost barred_. 6.5 inches. Like the Hairy Woodp.e.c.k.e.r, the Downy and its subspecies are resident and breed wherever they occur.

South Atlantic and Gulf States.

a. _D. p. gairdnerii_, _Gairdner's Woodp.e.c.k.e.r_. 6.75 inches.

Bears same relation to Downy that Harris's does to Hairy Woodp.e.c.k.e.r; under parts smoky white; wings spots few.

Pacific coast north to about lat. 55.

b. _D. p. oreoecus_, _Batchelder's Woodp.e.c.k.e.r_. 7.5 inches.