[29] Tom. iv, Jan. 1878. The maps were reproduced, without colour, in Collingridge's Discovery of Australia (1895).

[30] In the Biblioteca Nacional at Madrid (J. 2).

[31] Papeles tocantes a la Iglesia Espanola (British Museum, 4745, f. 11).

[32] See pp. 526 to 528 and footnotes.

[33] Zaragoza, vol. ii, p. 259.

[34] Dr. Don Bernardo de Sandoval y Roxas, a grandson of the second Count of Lerma, was then Archbishop of Toledo, Cardinal and Inquisitor-General. He died in 1618.

[35] Don Juan Fernandez de Velasco, Duke of Frias, Marquis of Berlangas, and Count of Haro, was hereditary Constable of Castille. He died at Madrid in 1613.

[36] Don Juan Hurtado de Mendoza, Duke of Infantado and Marquis of Santillana. He died in 1624.

[37] Don Pedro Fernandez de Castro, seventh Count of Lemos, was Amba.s.sador at Rome in 1600, President of the Council of the Indies, and afterwards Viceroy of Naples. He married his cousin, a daughter of the Duke of Lerma. He was the patron of Cervantes. His son was Viceroy of Peru 1667-72.

[38] He was a grandson of Francisco de Borja, Duke of Gandia, and the third General of the Jesuits who was canonized. He was Prince of Esquilache by right of his wife, and his age was thirty-two when he went out as Viceroy of Peru in 1615. He reached Lima in December.

[39] Luis de Belmonte Bermudez then went to Mexico, and he appears to have returned to Seville in 1616. There he wrote El Cisma de Jordan. In 1618 he settled at Madrid. Then appeared his Aurora de Cristo and Hispalica. In the Comedias Escojidas (4to, Madrid, 1682-1704) there are eleven plays of Belmonte, including the Renegade of Valladolid, and G.o.d the Best Guardian. Ticknor mentions them as a singular mixture of what is sacred and what is profane (Ticknor's Spanish Literature, vol. ii, p. 300).

[40] Historia del descubrimiento de las Regiones Austriales.

[41] An office corresponding to the President or Governor of a province. Praefectus. "Adelante," in front; more advanced than others.

[42] Here Suarez de Figueroa inserts the following speech, made by the Marquis of Canete to Mendana.

On one of the many occasions when Alvaro de Mendana (then fitting out) had interviews with the Viceroy to communicate some particulars and to kiss his hand for the many kindnesses and favours he had received from him, his Excellency said: "My Lord the Adelantado, I may well wish you G.o.d speed on commencing this business with as vigorous a set of men as can be found in the world. Prodigious are the deeds of the Spaniards at various times and in various places, and especially when led by valorous generals who know how to overcome difficulties; who have met dangers with prudence; who under adverse circ.u.mstances have maintained a cheerful countenance and kept up the spirits of their followers with encouraging words and promises; who rewarded them; who cherished them; who succoured them; and who, ruling by kindness, took advantage of every opportunity with wisdom. There are so many glorious leaders of our nation who have acted thus, that might be named, that I undoubtedly should tire my tongue in enumerating them and my memory in bringing them to mind. On the other side their valiant followers have always been, on these occasions, loyal and obedient, and full of courtesy and virtue both in word and deed. If in the present age these generalities suffer from some exceptions, it is not the fault of the men. Various times bring forth misfortunes. A few years soon pa.s.s in the harvest of valour, and few good things are known of the leaders. This is especially the case in maritime expeditions where the inconveniences and difficulties are innumerable, while the remedies that can be applied to them are few and of little efficacy. Certain ancient mariners make a notable clamour, in whose eyes our ancestors were so excellent that they hold them in great veneration. But they all made furrows in the eastern sea; very little was done by them on the western side, which scarcely puts limits to the imagination. On that side some navigators have been eminent. In the first rank is Columbus, who, being despised by various sovereigns, made his discovery finally for the Catholic ones, Isabella and Ferdinand, and showed America, the foundation on which has been built so many and such important edifices, alike spiritual as temporal. He was succeeded by the wonderful Cortes, with his extensions of empire and his marvellous deeds. In the part where we are now was the famous Francisco Pizarro, conqueror of so many provinces. Then came Magellan, who nearly went round the world, and came to an end which was less fortunate than his spirit deserved. Next Gama sought remote regions, and opened to the nation the commerce of the east. Valiant (it need not be denied) were the audacious enterprises of Drake, Cavendish, and Hawkins, emulous of the fame of Magellan. Traversing the strait which bears Magellan's name, they came to disturb the seas which for many previous years had been secure and peaceful. But this notwithstanding, it appears to me that I now behold in you a discoverer not less distinguished and famous than those. It has been so in all countries, in times past, that important affairs have been entrusted to him who, either by reason of his genius, or the dignity of his person, or the purity of his life, or his grace and authority, had acquired the universal fame of a true umpire of peace and war, justly committing to his prudence the preservation and prosperity of the state. It is certain that all these qualifications are combined in your person. Your actions prove it, and confirm the choice made by His Majesty for so great a service to G.o.d and to him. I hold that there can be no doubt that your established government will be glorious and triumphant, and that the people in your company will remain under it; so that, almost from this time thanks may be given to you for your great industry and valour."

[43] Equivalent to Colonel. He was an old soldier named Pedro Merino Manrique. The name is given by Suarez de Figueroa.

[44] 12 3' 45" S. Callao Castle; 12 2' 34" S. Lima.

[45] Magdalena is in 10 25' S. and 138 28' W.

[46] Suarez de Figueroa says it was a girl.

[47] Suarez de Figueroa quotes all this word for word, and here says that he is quoting from the papers of the Chief Pilot.

[48] Joints of bamboos in which they carry water.

[49] A palmo is 8 inches, being a quarter of a vara, which is 32.9 inches.

[50] The earliest description of the bread fruit.

[51] Piece of canvas laced to the foot of the mainsail and foresail.

[52] This is the island of Tinakula, an active volcano rising 3,000 feet above the sea in a most perfectly shaped cone, to the north of the island of Santa Cruz. The volcano is still in full activity. It is in lat. 10 24' S., long. 165 45' W.

[53] 8.346 inches.

[54] Nupani, Nukapu, and several other small reef islands north of Santa Cruz.

[55] In lat. 10 40' S., long. 165 45' 30" W.

[56] Not a Spanish word.

[57] Felipe Corzo. He was an enemy of Quiros.

[58] Outpost guard, whence sentries were selected. A picket. Usually consisting of twenty or thirty men.

[59] Caracha is a cutaneous disease in Peruvian parlance; caaranta, a person who has no eyebrows, also a Peruvianism.

[60] Tauriqui of Mendana's first voyage.

[61] Namely, the Devil.

[62] A quarter of an azumbre, which is about half a gallon.

[63] No such word in Spanish, nor is it a Peruvianism.

[64] The brothers Ulloa, in their Noticias Secretas, spoke very highly of the "guatchapeli" wood of Guayaquil (p. 58) for ship-building, especially extolling its durability.

[65] The "honest man" is evidently the Chief Pilot himself.

[66] Here Suarez de Figueroa introduces a fuller account of the Ladrone Islanders, especially of their customs connected with the burial of the dead, with an anecdote about an adventure between a Spanish soldier and a native of Guan.

[67] The object of the voyage had been to reach the Solomon Islands, which Alvaro de Mendana had discovered in his first voyage. The arguments of Quiros consist of a criticism of the report of Gallego, the Chief Pilot of Mendana's first voyage.

[68] Solomon Islands, vol. i, pp. 67, 68 (Hakluyt Society, 1901).

[69] Solomon Islands, vol. i, p. 66.

[70] Identified by Mr. Woodford as Nukufetan in the Ellice Group, in 7 50' S.--Solomon Islands, vol. i, p. 14 (n.), 1901.

[71] Edited for the Hakluyt Society by Lord Stanley of Alderley in 1868.

[72] Contained in the Sucesos de las Islas Philipinas of Antonio de Morga (1609); translated by Lord Stanley of Alderley for the Hakluyt Society, 1868.

[73] Don Antonio de Cardona y Cordova, sixth Duke of Sesa, was descended from the Great Captain. He was son of Don Fernando de Cordova y Requesens, second Duke of Soma, by Dona Beatriz de Figueroa. He became Duke of Sesa by renunciation of his aunt, Francesca de Cordova, and succeeded an elder brother as Duke of Soma. He was also Duke of Baena. The Duke of Sesa died at Valladolid on January 6th, 1606.

[74] Rimini.

[75] He forgets that Caraccas is on the main land.

[76] One of these nephews was no doubt the Lucas de Quiros who was appointed Royal Ensign by his uncle on May 13th, 1606, at the bay of St. Philip and St. James. Zaragoza mentions that, in 1616, Lucas de Quiros was acquiring a certain reputation at Lima as a cosmographer (IV, Apuntes Biograficas, p. 139). He constructed a map of the western side of South America, from Carthagena to Magellan's Strait, by order of the Viceroy, Prince of Esquilache, on parchment (see Duro Arca de Noc, p. 560).

[77] His name was Juan Ochoa de Bilboa.