[123] Tribes and Castes, article Gujar, para. 12. The description is mainly taken from Elliott's History of India as told by its own Historians.

[124] Description of the Kangra Gujars by Mr. Barnes. Quoted in Ibbetson's Punjab Census Report (1881), para. 481.

[125] Census Report, para. 481.

[126] Cf. Krishna's epithet of Murlidhar or the flute-player, and the general a.s.sociation of the flute with herdsmen and shepherds in Greek and Roman mythology.

[127] Ibidem.

[128] Hoshangabad Settlement Report, para. 16.

[129] Nimar Settlement Report (1868).

[130] This article is based partly on a paper by Mr. Abdus Subhan Khan, Tahsildar, Hinganghat, and Mr. Aduram Chaudhri of the Gazetteer Office.

[131] The trifoliate leaf of Aegle Marmelos.

[132] Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xviii. p. 266.

[133] History of the Marathas, vol. i. p. 26, footnote.

[134] Bombay Gazetteer, vol. x. p. 119.

[135] Bombay Ethnographic Survey, Monograph on Gurao.

[136] Sesamum.

[137] Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xix. p. 101.

[138] This article is compiled princ.i.p.ally from a monograph by Munshi Kanhya Lal, a.s.sistant Master, Raipur High School, and formerly of the Gazetteer Office; and also from papers by Mr. Panda Baijnath, Superintendent of Bastar State, and Mr. Gokul Prasad, Tahsildar of Dhamtari. The descriptions of marriage, funeral and birth customs are taken from Munshi Kanhya Lal's monograph.

[139] By the Rev. G. K. Gilder of the Methodist Episcopal Mission of Raipur.

[140] Chalki is said to have been a Brahman who gave shelter to the pregnant fugitive widow of a Raja; and her child was the ancestor of the Bastar dynasty. But the name may also be taken from the Chalukya Rajput clan.

[141] The Rawats or Ahirs are graziers, and the Bhatra, Parja and Muria are primitive tribes allied to the Gonds.

[142] Linguistic Survey, vol. vii. p. 331, and a note kindly furnished by Sir G. Grierson at the time of the census.

[143] Buchanania latifolia.

[144] Ba.s.sia latifolia. Both these trees are valued because the fruit of the first and the flowers of the second afford food.

[145] A black pulse.

[146] The Hindus number the days of each lunar fortnight separately.

[147] It is simply water in which gold has been dipped.

[148] Crooke, ii. 481.

[149] Brief View, p. 31.

[150] Buchanania latifolia.

[151] Based princ.i.p.ally on the account of the Hatkars on p. 200 of Sir A. Lyall's Berar Gazetteer, with some notes taken by Mr. Hira Lal in Buldana.

[152] Colonel Meadows Taylor, Tara, p. 404.

[153] Ain-i-Akbari, quoted in Berar Gazetteer, p. 200.

[154] Berar Gazetteer.

[155] Partly based on a paper by Munshi Kanhaya Lal of the Gazetteer Office.

[156] Muhammadans of Gujarat, by Khan Bahadur Fazalullah Lutfullah Faridi, pp. 21, 22.

[157] Rasmala, ii. p. 90.

[158] Faridi, ibidem.

[159] See article on Bhat.

[160] Acacia arabica.

[161] The late Mr. A. M. T. Jackson's notes, Ind. Ant., August 1912, p. 56.

[162] Laws of Manu, xi. p. 175, quoted in The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, ii. p. 476.

[163] Westermarck, The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, ii. p. 470.

[164] Ibidem, ii. p. 471.

[165] Ibidem, ii. pp. 481, 482.

[166] Ibidem, ii. pp. 487-489.

[167] This article is compiled from a paper by Mr. Babu Rao, Deputy Inspector of Schools, Seoni District.

[168] In this year only 33 Holias were returned as against more than 4000 in 1891; but, on the other hand, in 1901 the number of Golars was double that of the previous census.

[169] Mysore Census Report (1891), p. 254.

[170] Ethnographic Notes in Southern India, p. 258.

[171] This article is princ.i.p.ally based on information collected by Mr. Hira Lal in Bhandara.

[172] A corruption of Uika.