[7] Barbarians or foreigners.

[8] See Burnett and Hopkins, _Ordinances of Manu, s.v._

[9] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, p. 170, quoting Weber, _Indische Studien_, i. 170.

[10] A collection of rules for sacrifices and other rites, coming between the Vedas and the law-books, and dated by Max Muller between 600-200 B.C.

[11] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, p. 182.

[12] Wilson, p. 184, quoting from Shrauta-sutra of Katyayana, 1. 1. 6.

[13] Manu, iv. 99; iii. 178.

[14] Wilson, pp. 421, 422.

[15] Wilson, p. 187, quoting from Hiranyakeshi Sutra.

[16] See article Mehtar in text.

[17] Wilson, p. 363, quoting from Smriti of Angira.

[18] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, p. 195, from Hiranyakeshi Sutra.

[19] Manu, viii. 417.

[20] Wilson, p. 260, quoting Mahabharata, viii. 1367 _et seq._

[21] Wilson, p. 403, quoting from _Vyavahara Mayukha_.

[22] Wilson, p. 400, from Parashara Smriti.

[23] Wilson, p. 140, quoting from _Atharva Veda_, iv. 32. 1.

[24] Wilson, p. 211.

[25] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, referring to Ptolemy, vii. 1. 61 and vi. 120. 3.

[26] Wilson, pp. 113, 114.

[27] See for the impure castes _para._ 40 _post_.

[28] The word "aboriginal" is used here for convenience and not as conveying any a.s.sertion as to the origin of the pre-Aryan population.

[29] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Parsis of Gujarat_, p. 213.

[30] Rig-Veda, 6. 3. 16, quoted by Wilson, _Indian Caste_, p. 110.

[31] Wilson, p. 109.

[32] Monier-Williams, Sanskrit Dictionary, pointed out by Mr. Crooke.

[33] Quoted by Wilson, p. 209. It would seem probable, however, that the Vaishyas must themselves have formed the rank and file of the fighting force, at least in the early period.

[34] Manu, i. 90.

[35] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, p. 193, quoting from Hiranyakeshi Sutra.

[36] Wilson, p. 260, quoting Mahabharata, viii. 1367 _et seq_.

[37] Mahabharata, xii. 2749 _et seq_.

[38] List of cla.s.ses of Indian society given in the Purusha-Medha of the White Yajur-Veda, Wilson, pp. 126-135.

[39] Manu, viii. 113.

[40] Hopkin's and Burnett's _Code of Manu,_ x. 64, 65, and footnotes.

[41] Mahabharata, xiii. 2510 _et. seq_., quoted by Wilson, p. 272.

[42] Manu, ix. 149, 157.

[43] Manu indeed declares that such children could not be initiated (x. 68), but it is clear that they must, as a matter of fact, have been capable of initiation or they could not possibly have been married in the father's caste.

[44] See article on Brahman for some further details.

[45] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, i. 440, quoting _Brahma Vaivarrta Purana_.

[46] See article Bhat for further discussion of this point.

[47] _Dolichos uniflorus_.

[48] See article Jat for a more detailed discussion of their status.

[49] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Khandait.

[50] Proprietors of large landed estates.

[51] See article on Kunbi, para. 1.

[52] _Village Communities_, p. 127.

[53] _History of the Marathas_, vol. i. p. 25.

[54] _Village Communities_, pp. 226, 227.

[55] _The Aryan Household_, ed. 1891, p. 190.

[56] _Ibidem_, p. 228. Professor Hearn followed Sir Henry Maine in thinking that the clan was an expansion of the patriarchal joint family; but the reasons against this view are given subsequently.