The Traditional Games of England, Scotland,and Ireland.

by Alice Bertha Gomme.

VOL. I.

PREFACE

Soon after the formation of the Folk-lore Society in 1878 my husband planned, and has ever since been collecting for, the compilation of a dictionary of British Folk-lore. A great deal of the material has been put in form for publication, but at this stage the extent of the work presented an unexpected obstacle to its completion.

To print the whole in one alphabet would be more than could be accomplished except by the active co-operation of a willing band of workers, and then the time required for such an undertaking, together with the cost, almost seemed to debar the hope of ever completing arrangements for its publication. Nevertheless, unless we have a scientific arrangement of the enormously scattered material and a close comparison of the details of each item of folk-lore, it is next to impossible to expect that the full truth which lies hidden in these remnants of the past may be revealed.

During my preparation of a book of games for children it occurred to me that to separate the whole of the games from the general body of folk-lore and to make them a section of the proposed dictionary would be an advantageous step, as by arranging the larger groups of folk-lore in independent sections the possibility of publishing the contemplated dictionary again seemed to revive. Accordingly, the original plan has been so far modified that these volumes will form the first section of the dictionary, which, instead of being issued in one alphabet throughout, will now be issued in sections, each section being arranged alphabetically.

The games included in this collection bear the important qualification of being nearly all Children's Games: that is to say, they were either originally children's games since developed into games for adults, or they were the more serious avocations of adults, which have since become children's games only. In both cases the transition is due to traditional circ.u.mstances, and not to any formal arrangements. All invented games of skill are therefore excluded from this collection, but it includes both indoor and outdoor games, and those played by both girls and boys.

The bulk of the collection has been made by myself, greatly through the kindness of many correspondents, to whom I cannot be sufficiently grateful. In every case I have acknowledged my indebtedness, which, besides being an act of justice, is a guarantee of the genuineness of the collection. I have appended to this preface a list of the collectors, together with the counties to which the games belong; but I must particularly thank the Rev. W. Gregor, Mr. S. O. Addy, and Miss Fowler, who very generously placed collections at my disposal, which had been prepared before they knew of my project; also Miss Burne, Miss L.

E. Broadwood, and others, for kindly obtaining variants and tunes I should not otherwise have received. To the many versions now printed for the first time I have added either a complete transcript of, where necessary, or a reference to, where that was sufficient, printed versions of games to be found in the well-known collections of Halliwell and Chambers, the publications of the Folk-lore and Dialect Societies, Jamieson's, Nares', and Halliwell's Dictionaries, and other printed sources of information. When quoting from a printed authority, I have as far as possible given the exact words, and have always given the reference. I had hoped to have covered in my collection the whole field of games as played by children in the United Kingdom, but it will be seen that many counties in each country are still unrepresented; and I shall be greatly indebted for any games from other places, which would help to make this collection more complete. The tunes of the games have been taken down, as sung by the children, either by myself or correspondents (except where otherwise stated), and are unaltered.

The games consist of two main divisions, which may be called descriptive, and singing or choral. The descriptive games are arranged so as to give the most perfect type, and, where they occur, variable types in succession, followed, where possible, by any suggestions I have to make as to the possible origin of the game. The singing games are arranged so as to give, first, the tunes; secondly, the different versions of the game-rhymes; thirdly, the method of playing; fourthly, an a.n.a.lysis of the game-rhymes on a plan arranged by my husband, and which is an entirely novel feature in discussing the history of games; fifthly, a discussion of the results of the a.n.a.lysis of the rhymes so far as the different versions allow; and sixthly, an attempt to deduce from the evidence thus collected suggestions as to the probable origin of the game, together with such references to early authorities and other facts bearing upon the subject as help to elucidate the views expressed. Where the method of playing the game is involved, or where there are several changes in the forms, diagrams or ill.u.s.trations, which have been drawn by Mr. J. P. Emslie, are inserted in order to a.s.sist the reader to understand the different actions, and in one or two instances I have been able to give a facsimile reproduction of representations of the games from early MSS. in the Bodleian and British Museum Libraries.

Although none of the versions of the games now collected together are in their original form, but are more or less fragmentary, it cannot, I think, fail to be noticed how extremely interesting these games are, not only from the point of view of the means of amus.e.m.e.nt (and under this head there can be no question of their interest), but as a means of obtaining an insight into many of the customs and beliefs of our ancestors. Children do not invent, but they imitate or mimic very largely, and in many of these games we have, there is little doubt, unconscious folk-dramas of events and customs which were at one time being enacted as a part of the serious concerns of life before the eyes of children many generations ago. As to the many points of interest under this and other heads there is no occasion to dwell at length here, because the second volume will contain an appendix giving a complete a.n.a.lysis of the incidents mentioned in the games, and an attempt to tell the story of their origin and development, together with a comparison with the games of children of foreign countries.

The intense pleasure which the collection of these games has given me has been considerably enhanced by the many expressions of the same kind of pleasure from correspondents who have helped me, it not being an infrequent case for me to be thanked for reviving some of the keenest pleasures experienced by the collector since childhood; and I cannot help thinking that, if these traditional games have the power of thus imparting pleasure after the lapse of many years, they must contain the power of giving an equal pleasure to those who may now learn them for the first time.

ALICE BERTHA GOMME.

BARNES COMMON, S.W.,

_Jan. 1894_.

LIST OF AUTHORITIES

ENGLAND.

Halliwell's _Nursery Rhymes_.

Halliwell's _Dictionary_, ed. 1889.

Holloway's _Dictionary_, ed. 1838.

Strutt's _Sports and Pastimes_, ed. 1831.

Brand's _Popular Antiquities_, ed. 1875.

Nares' _Glossary_, ed. 1872.

Grose's _Dictionary_, 1823.

_Notes and Queries._ _Reliquary._ English Dialect Society Publications.

Folk-lore Society Publications, 1878-1892.

BEDFORDSHIRE- Luton Mrs. Ashdown.

Roxton Miss Lumley.

BERKSHIRE Lowsley's _Glossary_.

Enborne Miss Kimber.

Fernham, Longcot Miss I. Barclay.

Newbury Mrs. S. Batson, Miss Kimber.

Sulhampstead Miss Thoyts (_Antiquary_, vol. xxvii.)

CAMBRIDGESHIRE- Cambridge Mrs. Haddon.

CHESHIRE { Darlington's, Holland's, Leigh's, and { Wilbraham's _Glossaries_.

Congleton Miss A. E. Twemlow.

CORNWALL { _Folk-lore Journal_, v., Courtney's { _Glossary_.

Penzance Miss Courtney, Mrs. Mabbott.

c.u.mBERLAND d.i.c.kinson's _Glossary_.

DERBYSHIRE { _Folk-lore Journal_, vol. i., Mrs.

{ Harley, Mr. S. O. Addy.

Dronfield, Eckington, Egan Mr. S. O. Addy.

DEVONSHIRE Halliwell's _Dictionary_.

DORSETSHIRE { Barnes' _Glossary_, _Folk-lore { Journal_, vol. vii.

DURHAM { Brockett's _North Country Words_, ed.

{ 1846.

Gainford Miss Eddleston.

South Shields Miss Blair.

ESs.e.x- Bocking _Folk-lore Record_, vol. iii. pt. 2.

Colchester Miss G. M. Francis.

GLOUCESTERSHIRE { Holloway's _Dictionary_, _Midland { Garner_.

Sheps...o...b.., Cheltenham Miss Mendham.

Forest of Dean Miss Matthews.

HAMPSHIRE Cope's _Glossary_, Miss Mendham.

Bitterne Mrs. Byford.

Liphook Miss Fowler.

HAMPSHIRE- Hartley, Winchfield, Witney Mr. H. S. May.

Southampton Mrs. W. R. Ca.r.s.e.

ISLE OF MAN Mr. A. W. Moore.

ISLE OF WIGHT- Cowes Miss E. Smith.