GREAT EXPLORERS AND THE FOUNDATION OF GEOGRAPHY. 392

Geography's wonderful development. Modern problems, Thibet explored, Lhasa entered. This perhaps the greatest triumph of the century. Marco Polo's travels. Former mistrust now unstinted admiration. Striking observations of Polo. John of Carpini's travels in the Near East.

Colonel Yule on the Book of the Tartars. Friar William of Rubruquis'

travels in Tartary. Antic.i.p.ations of modern opinions as to language.

Some details of description. Friar Odoric and his Irish companion. The Praemonstratensian Hayton. Franciscan missionary zeal supplied for our geographical societies. Idle monks.

{xxv}

CHAPTER XXVI

GREAT BEGINNINGS OF MODERN COMMERCE. 415

This is the most interesting phase for our generation. Hanseatic League and obscurity of its origin. League of Lombard cities and effect of crusades. Importance of Hansa. Enforcement of its decrees.

Confederation of cities from England to Central Russia. Surprising greatness of the cities. Beginnings of international law. Commerce and peace. Origins of coast regulation. Fraternal initiations and their equivalents in the aftertime. Origins in hazing. Commerce and liberty.

Fostering of democracy. International comity.

APPENDIX I

So-called history. 430

APPENDIX II

TWENTY-SIX CHAPTERS THAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN. 432

I. America in the Thirteenth Century--Papal doc.u.ments.

II. A representative upper house.

III. The parish, and training in citizenship.

IV. The chance to rise.

V. Insurance--fire, marine, robbery, against injustice.

VI. Old age pensions, disability wages.

VII. Ways and means of charity--organized charity.

VIII. Scientific universities, investigation, writing.

IX. Medical education and high professional status.

X. Magnetism--first perpetual motion inventor--the North Pole.

XI. Biological theories--evolution, recapitulation.

XII. The Pope of the century--Innocent III.

XIII. International arbitration.

XIV. Bible revision.

XV. Fiction of the century.

XVI. Great orators.

XVII. Great beginnings of English literature.

XVIII. Origins of music.

XIX. Refinement and table manners.

XX. Textiles, satins, brocades, laces, needlework.

XXI. Gla.s.s-making.

XXII. Inventions.

XXIII. Industry and trade.

XXIV. Fairs and markets.

XXV. Intensive farming.

XXVI. Cartography and the teaching of geography--Hereford Map of the World.

APPENDIX III

CRITICISMS, COMMENTS, DOc.u.mENTS. 464

Human progress. The century of origins. Education. Technical education of the ma.s.ses. How it all stopped. Comfort and poverty. Comfort and happiness. Comfort and health. Hygiene. Wages and the condition of working people. Interest and loans. The eighteenth lowest of centuries.

{xxvi}

{xxvii}

LIST OF ILl.u.s.tRATIONS.

1. Le Beau Dieu (Amiens)--Frontispiece (ii)

2. Virgin with the Divine Child (Mosaic, St. Mark's, Venice)--Opposite page 5

3. Pulpit (N. Pisano, Siena)--Opposite page 8

4. Archangel Michael (Giovanni Pisano, Pisa)--Opposite page 13

5. Christ (Andrea Pisano, Florence)--Opposite page 13

6. Sta. Reparata (Andrea Pisano, Florence)--Opposite page 13

7. Paschal Candlestick (Baptistery, Florence)--Opposite page 15

8. Reliquary (Cathedral Orvieto, Ugolino di Vieri)--Opposite page 15

9. The Church in Symbol (Paris)--On page 17

10. Adoration of Magi (Pulpit, Siena, Nic. Pisano)--Opposite page 22

11. Cathedral (Lincoln)--Opposite page 28

12. Cathedral (York)--Opposite page 28

13. Cloister of St. John Lateran (Rome)--Opposite page 32

14. Jacques Coeur's House (Bourges)--On page 32

15. Rathhaus (Tangermunde)--Opposite page 42

16. Cathedral (Hereford)--Opposite page 44

17. Cathedral (York, East)--Opposite page 44