The throw of the magnetic needle. (See Throw.)

Synonym--Throw.

Embosser, Telegraph.

A telegraphic receiver giving raised characters on a piece of paper. It generally refers to an apparatus of the old Morse receiver type, one using a dry point stylus, which pressing the paper into a groove in the roller above the paper, gave raised characters in dots and lines.

Fig. 163. MORSE RECEIVER.

238 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.

E. M. D. P.

Abbreviation for "electro-motive difference of potential" or for electro-motive force producing a current as distinguished from mere inert potential difference.

E. M. F.

Abbreviation for "electro-motive force."

Fig. 164. END-ON METHOD.

End-on Method.

A method of determining the magnetic moment of a magnet. The magnet under examination, N S, is placed at right angles to the magnetic meridian, M O R, and pointing directly at or "end on" to the centre of a compa.s.s needle, n s. From the deflection a of the latter the moment is calculated.

Endosmose, Electric.

The inflowing current of electric osmose. (See Osmose, Electric.)

End Play.

The power to move horizontally in its bearings sometimes given to armature shafts. This secures a more even wearing of the commutator faces. End play is not permissible in disc armatures, as the attraction of the field upon the face of the armature core would displace it endwise. For such armatures thrust-bearings preventing end play have to be provided.

Energy.

The capacity for doing work. It is measured by work units which involve the exercise of force along a path of some length. A foot-pound, centimeter-gram, and centimeter-dyne are units of energy and work.

The absolute unit of energy is the erg, a force of one dyne exercised over one centimeter of s.p.a.ce. (See Dyne.)

The dimensions of energy are force (M * L / T^2) * s.p.a.ce (L) = M * (L^2 / T^2).

Energy may be chemical (atomic or molecular), mechanical, electrical, thermal, physical, potential, kinetic, or actual, and other divisions could be formulated.

239 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.

Energy, Atomic.

The potential energy due to atomic relations set free by atomic change; a form of chemical energy, because chemistry refers to molecular as well as to atomic changes. When atomic energy loses the potential form it immediately manifests itself in some other form, such as heat or electric energy. It may be considered as always being potential energy.

(See Energy, Chemical.)

[Transcriber's note: This item refers to chemical energy, that is manifest in work done by electric forces during re-arrangement of electrons. Atomic energy now refers to re-arrangement of nucleons (protons and neutrons) and the resulting conversion of ma.s.s into energy.]

Energy, Chemical.

A form of potential energy (see Energy, Potential) possessed by elements in virtue of their power of combining with liberation of energy, as in the combination of carbon with oxygen in a furnace; or by compounds in virtue of their power of entering into other combinations more satisfying to the affinities of their respective elements or to their own molecular affinity. Thus in a galvanic couple water is decomposed with absorption of energy, but its oxygen combines with zinc with evolution of greater amount of energy, so that in a voltaic couple the net result is the setting free of chemical energy, which is at once converted into electrical energy in current form, if the battery is on a closed circuit.

Energy, Conservation of.

A doctrine accepted as true that the sum of energy in the universe is fixed and invariable. This precludes the possibility of perpetual motion. Energy may be unavailable to man, and in the universe the available energy is continually decreasing, but the total energy is the same and never changes.

[Transcriber's note: If ma.s.s is counted a energy (E=m*(c^2)) then energy is strictly conserved.]

Energy, Degradation of.

The reduction of energy to forms in which it cannot be utilized by man.

It involves the reduction of potential energy to kinetic energy, and the reduction of kinetic energy of different degrees to energy of the same degree. Thus when the whole universe shall have attained the same temperature its energy will have become degraded or non-available. At present in the sun we have a source of kinetic energy of high degree, in coal a source of potential energy. The burning of all the coal will be an example of the reduction of potential to kinetic energy, and the cooling of the sun will ill.u.s.trate the lowering in degree of kinetic energy. (See Energy, Conservation of--Energy, Potential--Energy, Kinetic.)

Energy, Electric.

The capacity for doing work possessed by electricity under proper conditions. Electric energy may be either kinetic or potential. As ordinary mechanical energy is a product of force and s.p.a.ce, so electric energy is a product of potential difference and quant.i.ty. Thus a given number of coulombs of electricity in falling a given number of volts develop electric energy. The dimensions are found therefore by multiplying electric current intensity quant.i.ty ((M^.5) * (L^.5)), by electric potential ((M^.5)*(L^1.5) / (T^2)), giving (M * (L^2)/(T^2)), the dimensions of energy in general as it should be.

The absolute unit of electric energy in electro-magnetic measure is (1E-7) volt coulombs.

240 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.

The practical unit is the volt-coulomb. As the volt is equal to 1E8 absolute units of potential and the coulomb to 0.1 absolute units of quant.i.ty, the volt-coulomb is equal to 1E7 absolute units of energy.

The volt-coulomb is very seldom used, and the unit of Electric Activity or Power (see Power, Electric), the volt-ampere, is universally used.

This unit is sometimes called the Watt, q. v., and it indicates the rate of expenditure or of production of electric energy.

The storing up in a static acc.u.mulator or condenser of a given charge of electricity, available for use with a given change of potential represents potential electric energy.

The pa.s.sing of a given quant.i.ty through a conductor with a given fall of potential represents kinetic electric energy.

In a secondary battery there is no storage of energy, but the charging current simply acc.u.mulates potential chemical energy in the battery, which chemical energy is converted into electric energy in the discharge or delivery of the battery.

It is customary to discuss Ohm's law in this connection; it is properly treated under Electric Power, to which the reader is referred. (See Power, Electric.)

[Transcriber's note: A volt-ampere or watt is a unit of power. A volt-coulomb second or watt-second is a unit of energy. Power multiplied by time yields energy.]

Energy, Electric Transmission of.

If an electric current pa.s.ses through a conductor all its energy is expended in the full circuit. Part of the circuit may be an electrical generator that supplies energy as fast as expended. Part of the circuit may be a motor which absorbs part of the energy, the rest being expended in forcing a current through the connecting wires and through the generator. The electric energy in the generator and connecting wires is uselessly expended by conversion into heat. That in the motor in great part is utilized by conversion into mechanical energy which can do useful work. This represents the transmission of energy. Every electric current system represents this operation, but the term is usually restricted to the transmission of comparatively large quant.i.ties of energy.

A typical installation might be represented thus. At a waterfall a turbine water wheel is established which drives a dynamo. From the dynamo wires are carried to a distant factory, where a motor or several motors are established, which receive current from the dynamo and drive the machinery. The same current, if there is enough energy, may be used for running lamps or electroplating. As electric energy (see Energy, Electric,) is measured by the product of potential difference by quant.i.ty, a very small wire will suffice for the transmission of a small current at a high potential, giving a comparatively large quant.i.ty of energy. It is calculated that the energy of Niagara Falls could be transmitted through a circuit of iron telegraph wire a distance of over 1,000 miles, but a potential difference of 135,000,000 volts would be required, something quite impossible to obtain or manage.