The theory is in a certain sense simpler than Ampere's theory, but is not so generally adopted.

Magnetism, Lamellar Distribution of.

The distribution of magnetism in thin and uniform or "simple magnetic sh.e.l.ls," q. v. A given distribution is termed lamellar if the substance in which it exists can be divided into simple magnetic sh.e.l.ls, which either form closed surfaces, or have their edges in the surface of the substance. In lamellar distribution the polar area is very large compared with the distance between opposite poles.

Magnetism of Gases.

Faraday experimented on this point by coloring gases with a little vapor of iodine or other colored gas, and letting them flow between the two poles of a powerful electromagnet. In this way he found some are repelled, some attracted, and in the case of oxygen, it is attracted at one temperature and repelled at another. At ordinary temperatures a cubic yard of oxygen possesses the magnetism of 5.5 grains of iron and when liquefied it is strongly attracted.

Magnetism or Magnetization, Temporary.

When a ma.s.s of iron is magnetized by a current, when the current ceases the portion of its magnetism which disappears is the temporary magnetism; the portion retained is the residual or permanent magnetism.

Magnetism, Red.

A term arising from the two fluid theory of magnetism; the magnetism of the north pole of a magnet. (See Magnetic Fluids.) The magnetism of the south pole is termed blue magnetism. Both terms originated in the painting of magnets. They are but little used.

Synonym--North Magnetic Fluid.

358 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.

Magnetic Remanence.

The residual magnetism left in a bar of steel or other paramagnetic material after the application of a powerful magnet. It is distinguished from coercive force, as the latter is the amount of negative magnetizing or of demagnetizing force required to reduce the remanent magnetism to zero.

Synonym--Remanence--Residual Magnetism.

Magnetism, Solenoidal Distribution of.

The distribution of magnetism in such a way that the poles are very far apart in proportion to their area. The magnetization of a long thin bar of steel ill.u.s.trates solenoidal distribution.

Magnetism Sub-permanent.

The magnetism of a paramagnetic substance which presents a considerable degree of permanency, but which gradually disappears, leaving the permanent magnetism present. It is noticeable in iron or steel ships whose magnetism gradually reduced in quant.i.ty, eventually becomes fully permanent.

Magnetism, Weber's Theory of.

The molecules of a magnetizable material by this theory are supposed to be magnets with their poles lying in every direction, and hence neutralizing each other. By magnetization these are supposed to be turned with their similar poles in the same direction, and their axis parallel, hence acting like a group of magnets. It is practically identical with Hughes' theory.

Magnetism, Terrestrial.

The magnetism of the earth. (See Magnetic Elements.)

Fig. 228. MAGNETIZATION BY DOUBLE TOUCH.

Magnetization by Double Touch.

The process of magnetizing a steel bar by simultaneously stroking it with two poles of a horseshoe magnet or with two opposite poles of two bar magnets. The poles must be close but not touching. A block of wood may be placed between the ends if single magnets are used. The poles are placed on the middle of the bar and carried back and forth to one end, then to the other, and so on, ending at the middle of the bar in such direction as to give each end the same number of strokes. The poles must be close together or consequent poles will be produced. If bar magnets are used they may be held inclined at an angle of 15? to 20? with the horizontal bar to be magnetized. The ends of the latter may rest on poles of two other magnets, each end on a pole of the same name as that of the magnetizing magnet on its side. (See Magnetization, Hoffer's Method.)

359 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.

Magnetization by Separate Touch.

A method of magnetization. Two magnets are used. Held in an inclined position two opposite poles are touched to the bar near its centre, and are drawn off to the two ends. They are returned through the air and the process is repeated.

Magnetization by Single Touch.

A method of polarizing or magnetizing steel bars, by stroking them always in one direction with one pole of a magnet, returning it through the air. The stroking is best done on both sides. The stroking may begin at one end and end at the other, or it may be commenced in the center of the bar and be carried to one end with one pole, and the same done for the other half with the other pole.

Magnetization by the Earth.

The earth imparts magnetism to iron ma.s.ses. If a rod of steel is held parallel to the inclination and in the magnetic meridian it exhibits polarity, which by jarring or hammering, can be made to some extent permanent. A piece of soft iron held vertically, or still better in the line of the dip as above, and which is twisted when in that position, becomes magnetized with some degree of permanence. Many other instances are cited, such as fire-irons, lamp-posts, iron gates, lathe turnings, all of which often exhibit polarity, having been magnetized by the earth's field.

[Transcriber's note: The earth's magnetic field is believed to originate it electric currents in the moving molten core.]

Magnetization, Coefficient of Induced.

The coefficient (q. v.) expressing the relation between the specific intensity of magnetization of a particle and the magnetizing force. The magnetizing force is measured by the lines of force it can produce in a field of air. The coefficient of induced magnetization is the factor by which the intensity of a magnetizing field must be multiplied to produce the magnetization imparted by it to a particle of any substance. This coefficient varies for different substances, and is also called magnetic susceptibility. It is distinguished from permeability as referring only to a particle isolated from influence of a ma.s.s of surrounding particles of its own kind. It is definable as the intensity of the magnetization a.s.sumed by an exceedingly long and exceedingly thin bar placed in a unit field. If a ma.s.s of metal were placed in such a field all its particles would become affected and within the ma.s.s no unit field could exist.

Hence magnetic susceptibility (another name for this coefficient) does not apply to the case of large cores of electro-magnets and dynamo-armatures, but is really a theoretical rather than a practical figure.

The sign of the coefficient of diamagnetic bodies is negative; of paramagnetic bodies is positive.

Synonym--Magnetic Susceptibility.

360 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.

Magnetization, Cycle of.

A cycle of positive or of positive and negative magnetization represents the application of a magnetizing force beginning at a fixed value, generally zero, rising to a maximum, or to a value of maximum distance from the initial and then returning to the original basis. It is virtually a full wave of magnetization and may extend on both sides of a zero line giving positive and negative values.

Cycles of magnetization apply especially to transformers and other apparatus of that character used with the alternating current system.

Magnetization, Hoffer's Method.

For horseshoe bars an armature is placed against the poles of the magnet bar to be treated. The poles of a strong horseshoe magnet are stroked over it from poles to bend and returned through the air, or vice versa.

In the first case the poles will be the same as those of the inducing magnet; in the second case they will be opposite. A maximum effect is produced in ten strokes. The stroking should be applied to both sides.

An electro-magnet may be used as inducer as shown, but an armature should be used; in the cut it is omitted.

Fig. 229. MAGNETIZING A HORSESHOE MAGNET.

Magnetization, Intensity of.

The amount of magnetism induced in or present in a body. It is expressed in Magnetic Lines of Force, q. v., per cross-sectional area.