with the left middle finger completely scarred, the right middle finger being an ulnar loop with a ridge count of 13, would be searched first in the group for that cla.s.sification, then reference searches would be conducted in the following groups:

O 17 W OOO O 17 W O 19 W OOO ---------- ------- ---------- L 17 U OII L 17 Ur L 17 U OOI

O 17 W O 19 W OOO ------- ---------- L 17 Ua L 17 U OII

O 17 W O 19 W OOO ------- ---------- L 17 Ut L 17 U OMI

The referencing of partial scars is a problem in which many factors are present. A full explanation of the scars, their preferred cla.s.sifications and their references is made in the chapter, "Cla.s.sification of Scarred Patterns--Amputations--Missing at Birth."

When the age extension is utilized and a "Reference" group and a "Presumptive Dead" file are maintained, it is suggested that a general allowance of 5 years be considered to allow for a discrepancy in prints bearing the ages of 50 years or older.

In the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation the various age groups are as follows:

1-54 "Regular" file.

55-74 "Reference" file.

75 and over "Presumptive Dead" file.

Reference searches for the preceding groups are conducted in the following manner:

50-54 Referenced to "Reference" file.

70-74 Referenced to "Presumptive Dead" file and "Regular" file.

75-79 Referenced to "Reference" file and "Regular" file.

80 and older Referenced to "Regular" file only.

If no age is given, it should be searched first in the regular file and reference searches should be conducted in the "Reference" group and the "Presumptive Dead" file.

When separate male and female files are maintained, there may be doubt as to the s.e.x of a subject due to a discrepancy between the s.e.x indicated and the name and the description and picture. In such case try to determine the s.e.x from the description and the size of the prints, then reference the print to the other file. A Photostat copy can be made and placed in the other file until the true s.e.x can be determined.

CHAPTER VIII

_How To Take Inked Fingerprints_

The equipment required for taking fingerprints consists of an inking plate, a cardholder, printer's ink (heavy black paste), and a roller.

This equipment is simple and inexpensive.

In order to obtain clear, distinct fingerprints, it is necessary to spread the printer's ink in a thin even coating on a small inking plate. A roller similar to that used by printers in making galley proofs is best adapted for use as a spreader. Its size is a matter determined by individual needs and preferences; however, a roller approximately 6 inches long and 2 inches in diameter has been found to be very satisfactory. These rollers may be obtained from a fingerprint supply company or a printing supply house.

[Ill.u.s.tration: 360. Fingerprint stand.]

An inking plate may be made from a hard, rigid, scratch-resistant metal plate 6 inches wide by 14 inches long or by inlaying a block of wood with a piece of gla.s.s one-fourth of an inch thick, 6 inches wide, and 14 inches long. The gla.s.s plate by itself would be suitable, but it should be fixed to a base in order to prevent breakage. The inking surface should be elevated to a sufficient height to allow the subject's forearm to a.s.sume a horizontal position when the fingers are being inked. For example, the inking plate may be placed on the edge of a counter or a table of counter height. In such a position, the operator has greater a.s.surance of avoiding accidental strain or pressure on the fingers and should be able to procure more uniform impressions. The inking plate should also be placed so that the subject's fingers which are not being printed can be made to "swing"

off the table to prevent their interfering with the inking process. A fingerprint stand such as that shown in figure 360 may be purchased from fingerprint supply companies. The stand is made of hardwood and measures approximately 2 feet in length, 1 foot in height and width.

This stand contains a cardholder and a chrome strip which is used as the inking plate. Two compartments used to store blank fingerprint cards and supplies complete the stand. This equipment should be supplemented by a cleansing fluid and necessary cloths so that the subject's fingers may be cleaned before rolling and the inking plate cleaned after using. Denatured alcohol and commercially available cleaning fluids are suitable for this purpose.

[Ill.u.s.tration: 361. Fingerprints properly taken.]

PERSONAL |ROE RICHARD RANDOLPH |s.e.x IDENTIFICATION | | MALE |LAST NAME FIRST NAME MIDDLE NAME|-------------- |----------------------------------|RACE -------------------------| | W FINGERPRINTS SUBMITTED BY| |-------------- | |HT. |WT.

|----------------------------------|(Inches)| |SIGNATURE OF PERSON FINGERPRINTED | 71 | 170 | |-------------- | 1655 Grant Avenue |DATE OF BIRTH |----------------------------------|6/6/42 -------------------------| Chicago, Illinois |-------------- FINGERPRINTED BY |--------------------------------- |HAIR |EYES |RESIDENCE OF PERSON FINGERPRINTED |BR |BR |------------------------------------------------- -------------------------|DATE FINGERPRINTED|LEAVE THIS s.p.a.cE BLANK PERSON TO BE NOTIFIED IN |8/12/62 | CASE OF EMERGENCY |------------------|CLa.s.s NAME Thomas L. Roe |PLACE OF BIRTH | ------------------------- -------------------- |Omaha, Neb. | ADDRESS 1655 Grant Avenue|------------------| ----------------- |CITIZENSHIP | Chicago, Illinois|American |REF.

-------------------------|------------------| -------------------------- See Reverse Side for |SCARS AND MARKS | Further Instructions |Appendectomy | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. RIGHT THUMB|2. RIGHT INDEX|3. RIGHT |4. RIGHT RING |5. RIGHT | | MIDDLE | | LITTLE [Ill.u.s.tration]|[Ill.u.s.tration]|[Ill.u.s.tration]|[Ill.u.s.tration]|[Ill.u.s.tration]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. LEFT THUMB |2. LEFT INDEX |3. LEFT MIDDLE|4. LEFT RING |5. LEFT LITTLE | | | | [Ill.u.s.tration]|[Ill.u.s.tration]|[Ill.u.s.tration]|[Ill.u.s.tration]|[Ill.u.s.tration]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- LEFT FOUR FINGERS |LEFT |RIGHT |RIGHT FOUR FINGERS TAKEN SIMULTANEOUSLY |THUMB |THUMB |TAKEN SIMULTANEOUSLY | | | [Ill.u.s.tration] |[Ill.u.s.tration]|[Ill.u.s.tration]|[Ill.u.s.tration]

The fingerprints should be taken on 8- by 8-inch cardstock, as this size has generally been adopted by law enforcement because of facility in filing and desirability of uniformity. Figure 361 shows fingerprints properly taken on one of the standard personnel identification cards from the Federal Bureau of Investigation. From this ill.u.s.tration, it is evident there are two types of impressions involved in the process of taking fingerprints. The upper 10 prints are taken individually--thumb, index, middle, ring, and little fingers of each hand in the order named. These are called "rolled"

impressions, the fingers being rolled from side to side in order to obtain all available ridge detail. The smaller impressions at the bottom of the card are taken by simultaneously printing all of the fingers of each hand and then the thumb without rolling. These are called "plain" or "fixed" impressions and are used as a check upon the sequence and accuracy of the rolled impressions. Rolled impressions must be taken carefully in order to insure that an accurate fingerprint cla.s.sification can be obtained by examination of the various patterns. It is also necessary that each focal point (cores and all deltas) be clearly printed in order that accurate ridge counts and tracings may be obtained.

In preparing to take a set of fingerprints, a small daub of ink should be placed on the inking gla.s.s or slab and thoroughly rolled until a very thin, even film covers the entire surface. The subject should stand in front of and at forearm's length from the inking plate. In taking the rolled impressions, the side of the bulb of the finger is placed upon the inking plate and the finger is rolled to the other side until it faces the opposite direction. Care should be exercised so the bulb of each finger is inked evenly from the tip to below the first joint. By pressing the finger lightly on the card and rolling in exactly the same manner, a clear rolled impression of the finger surface may be obtained. It is better to ink and print each finger separately beginning with the right thumb and then, in order, the index, middle, ring, and little fingers. (Stamp pad ink, printing ink, ordinary writing ink, or other colored inks are not suitable for use in fingerprint work as they are too light or thin and do not dry quickly.)

If consideration is given the anatomical or bony structure of the forearm when taking rolled impressions, more uniform impressions will be obtained. The two princ.i.p.al bones of the forearm are known as the radius and the ulna, the former being on the thumb side and the latter on the little finger side of the arm. As suggested by its name, the radius bone revolves freely about the ulna as a spoke of a wheel about the hub. In order to take advantage of the natural movement in making finger impressions, the hand should be rotated from the awkward to the easy position. This requires that the thumbs be rolled toward and the fingers away from the center of the subject's body. This process relieves strain and leaves the fingers relaxed upon the completion of rolling so that they may be lifted easily from the card without danger of slipping which smudges and blurs the prints. Figures 362 and 363 show the proper method of holding a finger for inking and printing a rolled impression.

The degree of pressure to be exerted in inking and taking rolled impressions is important, and this may best be determined through experience and observation. It is quite important, however, that the subject be cautioned to relax and refrain from trying to help the operator by exerting pressure as this prevents the operator from gaging the amount needed. A method which is helpful in effecting the relaxation of a subject's hand is that of instructing him to look at some distant object and not to look at his hands. The person taking the fingerprints should stand to the left of the subject when printing the right hand, and to the right of the subject when printing the left hand. In any case, the positions of both subject and operator should be natural and relaxed if the best fingerprints are to be obtained.

To obtain "plain" impressions, all the fingers of the right hand should be pressed lightly upon the inking plate, then pressed simultaneously upon the lower right hand corner of the card in the s.p.a.ce provided. The left hand should be similarly printed, and the thumbs of both hands should be inked and printed, without rolling, in the s.p.a.ce provided. Figures 364 and 365 show the correct method of taking plain impressions of the fingers and thumbs.

[Ill.u.s.tration: 362. Proper method of holding finger.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: 363. Proper method of printing rolled impressions.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: 364. Proper method of taking plain impressions of fingers.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: 365. Proper method of taking plain impressions of thumbs.]

CHAPTER IX

_Problems in the Taking of Inked Fingerprints_

From time to time various problems arise concerning the taking of inked impressions. It is believed that these problems can be divided into four phases:

- Mechanical operation

- Temporary disabilities

- Permanent disabilities

- General

_Mechanical operation_

In order to take good fingerprints, the necessary equipment should be maintained in a neat and orderly manner at all times.

Poor impressions are usually caused by one of the following faults: