ALLARD', a French general, entered the service of Runjeet Singh at Lah.o.r.e, trained his troops in European war tactics, and served him against the Afghans; died at Peshawar (1785-1839).

ALLEGHA'NY (105), a manufacturing city in Pennsylvania, on the Ohio, opposite Pittsburg, of which it is a kind of suburb.

ALLEGHA'NY MOUNTAINS, a range in the Appalachian system in U.S., extending from Pennsylvania to N. Carolina; do not exceed 2400 ft. in height, run parallel with the Atlantic coast, and form the watershed between the Atlantic rivers and the Mississippi.

ALLEGORICAL INTERPRETATION, a.s.signing a higher than a literal interpretation to the Scripture record of things, in particular the Old Testament story.

ALLEGORY, a figurative mode of representation, in which a subject of a higher spiritual order is described in terms of that of a lower which resembles it in properties and circ.u.mstances, the princ.i.p.al subject being so kept out of view that we are left to construe the drift of it from the resemblance of the secondary to the primary subject.

ALLEGRI, the family name of Correggio; the name of an Italian composer, born at Rome, the author of a still celebrated _Miserere_ (1580-1652).

AL'LEINE, JOSEPH, a Puritan writer, author of a book once, and to some extent still, much in favour among religious people, ent.i.tled "Alarm to the Unconverted" (1632-1674).

ALLEN, BOG OF, a dreary expanse of bogs of peat E. of the Shannon, in King's Co. and Kildare, Ireland; LOUGH OF, an expansion of the waters of the Shannon.

ALLEN, ETHAN, one of the early champions of American independence, taken prisoner in a raid into Canada; wrote a defence of deism and rational belief (1738-1789).

ALLEN, GRANT, man of letters, born in Kingston, Canada, 1848, and a prolific writer; an able upholder of the evolution doctrine and an expounder of Darwinism.

ALLEN, JOHN, an M.D. of Scotch birth, and a contributor to the _Edinburgh Review_ (1771-1843).

ALLEN, WM., a distinguished chemist and philanthropist, son of a Spitalfields weaver, a member of the Society of Friends, and a devoted promoter of its principles (1770-1843).

ALLENTOWN (34), a town on the Lehigh River, 50 m. NW. of Philadelphia, the great centre of the iron trade in the U.S.

ALLE'RION, in heraldry, an eagle with expanded wings, the points turned downwards, and without beak or feet.

ALLEYN, EDWARD, a celebrated actor in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I., the founder of Dulwich College, and was voluntarily along with his wife one of its first beneficiaries and inmates; was a contemporary of Shakespeare (1566-1626).

AL'LIA, a stream flowing into the Tiber 11 m. from Rome, where the Romans were defeated by the Gauls under Brennus, 387 B.C.

ALLIANCE, THE TRIPLE, in 1668, between England, Holland, and Sweden against Louis XIV.; the QUADRUPLE, in 1718, between France, England, Holland, and the Empire to maintain the treaty of Utrecht; the HOLY, in 1815, between Russia, Austria, and Prussia against Liberal ideas; the TRIPLE, in 1872, between Germany, Austria, and Russia, at the instigation of Bismarck, from which Russia withdrew in 1886, when Italy stepped into her place. Under it the signatories in 1887 guarantee the integrity of their respective territories.

ALLIER, a confluent of the river Loire, in France, near Nevers; also the department through which it flows.

ALLIES, the name generally given to the confederate Powers who in 1814 and 1815 entered France and restored the Bourbons.

ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM, an English clergyman who turned Roman Catholic, and wrote, in defence of the step, among others, the "See of St. Peter, the Rock of the Church."

ALLIGATOR, a N. American fresh-water crocodile, numerous in the Mississippi and the lakes and rivers of Louisiana and Carolina; subsists on fish, and though timid, is dangerous when attacked; is slow in turning, however, and its attacks can be easily evaded.

ALLINGHAM, WILLIAM, a poet and journalist, born in Ireland, of English origin; his most celebrated works are "Day and Night Songs" and "Lawerence Bloomfield in Ireland"; was for a time editor of _Fraser's Magazine_ (1824-1889).

ALLMAN, GEORGE J., M.D., Emeritus Professor of Natural History in Edinburgh, an eminent naturalist; born in Ireland (1812-1898).

ALLOA (12), a thriving seaport on north bank of the Forth, in Clackmannan, 6 m. below Stirling, famous for its ale.

ALLOB'ROGES, a Celtic race troublesome to the Romans, who occupied the country between the Rhone and the Lake of Geneva, corresponding to Dauphine and Savoy.

ALLOPATHY, in opposition to h.o.m.oeopathy, the treatment of disease by producing a condition of the system different from or opposite to the condition essential to the disease to be cured.

ALLOTROPY, the capability which certain compounds show of a.s.suming different properties and qualities, although composed of identical elements.

ALLOWAY, the birthplace of Burns, on the Doon, 2 m. from Ayr, the a.s.sumed scene of Tam o' Shanter's adventure.

ALLOWAY KIRK, a ruin S. of Ayr, celebrated as the scene of the witches' dance in "Tam o' Shanter."

ALL-SAINTS' DAY, the 1st of November, a feast dedicated to all the Saints.

ALL-SOULS' DAY, a festival on the 2nd November to pray for the souls of the faithful deceased, such as may be presumed to be still suffering in Purgatory.

ALLSPICE, the berry of the pimento, or Jamaica pepper.

ALLSTON, WASHINGTON, an American painter and poet, whose genius was much admired by Coleridge (1779-1843).