[30] On the caliphate, see Sir W. Muir, _The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall_ (Edinburgh, 1915); Sir Mark Sykes, _The Caliph's Last Heritage_ (London, 1915); XX, "L'Islam apres la Guerre," _Revue de Paris_, 15 January, 1916; "The Indian Khilafat Delegation," _Foreign Affairs_, July, 1920 (Special Supplement).

[31] Literally, "he who is guided aright."

[32] "Seyid" means "Lord." This t.i.tle is borne only by descendants of the Prophet.

[33] The explorer Dr. Nachtigal.

[34] On the Islamic fraternities in general and the Sennussiya in particular see W. S. Blunt, _The Future of Islam_ (London, 1882); O.

Depont and X. Coppolani, _Les Confreries religieuses musulmanes_ (Paris, 1897); H. Duveyrier, _La Confrerie musulmane de Sidi Mohammed ben Ali es Senoussi_ (Paris, 1884); A. Le Chatelier, _Les Confreries musulmanes du Hedjaz_ (Paris, 1887); L. Pet.i.t, _Confreries musulmanes_ (Paris, 1899); L. Rinn, _Marabouts et Khouan_ (Algiers, 1884); A. Servier, _Le Nationalisme musulman_ (Constantine, Algeria, 1913); Simian, _Les Confreries islamiques en Algerie_ (Algiers, 1910); Achmed Abdullah (himself a Sennussi), "The Sennussiyehs," _The Forum_, May, 1914; A. R.

Colquhoun, "Pan-Islam," _North American Review_, June, 1906; T. R.

Threlfall, "Senussi and His Threatened Holy War," _Nineteenth Century_, March, 1900; Captain H. A. Wilson, "The Moslem Menace," _Nineteenth Century and After_, September, 1907; ... "La Puissance de l'Islam: Ses Confreries Religieuses," _Le Correspondant_, 25 November and 10 December, 1909. The above judgments, particularly regarding the Sennussiya, vary greatly, some being highly alarmist, others minimizing its importance. A full balancing of the entire subject is that of Commandant Binger, "Le Peril de l'Islam," _Bulletin du Comite de l'Afrique francaise_, 1902. Personal interviews of educated Moslems with El Sennussi are Si Mohammed el Hechaish, "Chez les Senoussia et les Touareg," _L'Expansion Coloniale francaise_, 1900; Muhammad ibn Utman, _Voyage au Pays des Senoussia a travers la Tripolitaine_ (translated from the Arabic), Paris, 1903.

[35] On Moslem missionary activity in general, see Jansen, _Verbreitung des Islams_ (Berlin, 1897); M. Townsend, _Asia and Europe_, pp. 46-49, 60-61, 81; A. Le Chatelier, _L'Islam au dix-neuvieme Siecle_ (Paris, 1888); various papers in _The Mohammedan World To-day_ (London, 1906).

[36] T. R. Threlfall, "Senussi and His Threatened Holy War," _Nineteenth Century_, March, 1900.

[37] D. A. Forget, _L'Islam et le Christianisme dans l'Afrique centrale_, p. 65 (Paris, 1900). For other statements regarding Moslem missionary activity in Africa, see G. Bonet-Maury, _L'Islamisme et le Christianisme en Afrique_ (Paris, 1906); E. W. Blyden, _Christianity, Islam, and the Negro Race_ (London, 1887); Forget, _op. cit._

[38] A. Guerinot, "L'Islam et l'Abyssinie," _Revue du Monde musulman_, 1918. Also see similar opinion of the Protestant missionary K.

Cederquist, "Islam and Christianity in Abyssinia," _The Moslem World_, April, 1921.

[39] S. Brobovnikov, "Moslems in Russia," _The Moslem World_, January, 1911.

[40] Broomhall, _Islam in China_ (London, 1910); Nigarende, "Notes sur les Musulmans Chinois," _Revue du Monde musulman_, January, 1907; paper on Islam in China in _The Mohammedan World To-day_ (London, 1906).

[41] See papers on Islam in Java and Sumatra in _The Mohammedan World To-day_ (London, 1906); A. Cabaton, _Java, Sumatra, and the Dutch East Indies_ (translated from the Dutch), New York, 1916.

[42] Quoted from article by "X," "Le Pan-Islamisme et le Pan-Turquisme,"

_Revue du Monde musulman_, March, 1913. This authoritative article is, so the editor informs us, from the pen of an eminent Mohammedan--"un homme d'etat musulman." For other activities of Djemal-ed-Din, see A.

Servier, _Le Nationalisme musulman_, pp. 10-13.

[43] Quoted from W. G. Palgrave, _Essays on Eastern Questions_, p. 111 (London, 1872).

[44] A. Vambery, _Western Culture in Eastern Lands_, p. 351 (London, 1906).

[45] Abdul Hamid's Pan-Islamic schemes were first clearly discerned by the French publicist Gabriel Charmes as early as 1881, and his warnings were published in his prophetic book _L'Avenir de la Turquie--Le Panislamisme_ (Paris, 1883).

[46] Gabriel Hanotaux, "La Crise mediterraneenne et l'Islam," _Revue Hebdomadaire_, April 13, 1912.

[47] See "X," "La Situation politique de la Perse," _Revue du Monde musulman_, June, 1914; B. Temple, "The Place of Persia in World-Politics," _Proceedings of the Central Asian Society_, May 4, 1910; W. M. Shuster, _The Strangling of Persia_ (New York, 1912).

[48] Quoted from A. Vambery, "Die turkische Katastrophe und die Islamwelt," _Deutsche Revue_, July, 1913.

[49] Shah Mohammed Naimatullah, "Recent Turkish Events and Moslem India," _Asiatic Review_, October, 1913.

[50] Quoted by F. Farjanel, "Le j.a.pon et l'Islam," _Revue du Monde musulman_, November, 1906.

[51] Farjanel, _supra_.

[52] Quoted by Vambery, _supra_.

[53] Vambery, "An Approach between Moslems and Buddhists," _Nineteenth Century and After_, April, 1912.

[54] Vambery, "An Approach between Moslems and Buddhists," _Nineteenth Century and After_, April, 1912.

[55] Special cable to the New York _Times_, dated Rome, May 28, 1919.

[56] Sir T. Morison, "England and Islam," _Nineteenth Century and After_, July, 1919.

[57] H. H. The Aga Khan, _India in Transition_, p. 158 (London, 1918).

[58] This hatred of Western civilization, as such, will be discussed in the next chapter.

[59] Ernst Paraquin, formerly Ottoman lieutenant-colonel and chief of general staff, in the _Berliner Tageblatt_, January 24, 1920.

[60] A. Vambery, _La Turquie d'aujourd'hui et d'avant Quarante Ans_, pp.

71, 72 (Paris, 1898).

[61] A. Servier, _Le Nationalisme musulman_, p. 182.

[62] B. Temple, "The Place of Persia in World-Politics," _Proceedings of the Central Asian Society_, May, 1910.

[63] L. Rinn, _Marabouts et Khouan_, p. vi.

[64] Sir T. Morison, "England and Islam," _op. cit._

[65] Yahya Siddyk, _Le Reveil des Peuples islamiques au quatorzieme Siecle de l'Hegire_ (Cairo, 1907). Also published in Arabic.

[66] For a full discussion of the effect of the Great War upon Asiatic and African peoples, see my book _The Rising Tide of Colour against White World-Supremacy_ (New York and London, 1920).

[67] L. Ma.s.signon, "L'Islam et la Politique des Allies," _Revue des Sciences politiques_, June, 1920.

[68] Sir T. Morison, "England and Islam," _op. cit._

[69] For the Ikhwan movement, see P. W. Harrison, "The Situation in Arabia," _Atlantic Monthly_, December, 1920; S. Mylrea, "The Politico-Religious Situation in Arabia," _The Moslem World_, July, 1919.

[70] For the Salafi movement, see "Wahhabisme--Son Avenir sociale et le Mouvement salafi," _Revue du Monde musulman_, 1919.

[71] On the general subject of economic Pan-Islamism, see A. Le Chatelier, "Le Reveil de l'Islam--Sa Situation economique," _Revue economique internationale_, July, 1910; also his article "Politique musulmane," _Revue du Monde musulman_, September, 1910; M. Pickthall, "La Morale islamique," _Revue Politique internationale_, July, 1916; S.

Khuda Bukhsh, _Essays: Indian and Islamic_ (London, 1912).

CHAPTER III

THE INFLUENCE OF THE WEST