45. John F. V. Keiger, John F. V. Keiger, France and the Origins of the First World War France and the Origins of the First World War (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983); and Keiger, "France," in Keith Wilson, ed., (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983); and Keiger, "France," in Keith Wilson, ed., Decisions for War 1914 Decisions for War 1914 (London: UCL Press, 1995), 12149. (London: UCL Press, 1995), 12149.

46. Luigi Albertini, Luigi Albertini, The Origins of the War of 1914 The Origins of the War of 1914 (London: Oxford University Press, 195257), 2:193. (London: Oxford University Press, 195257), 2:193.

47. Keiger, Keiger, France and the Origins of the First World War France and the Origins of the First World War, 153.

48. Albertini, Albertini, Origins of the War of 1914 Origins of the War of 1914, 2:53639.

49. J. F. V. Keiger, J. F. V. Keiger, Raymond Poincare (Cambridge: Raymond Poincare (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 175. Cambridge University Press, 1997), 175.

50. Keiger, "France," 145. Keiger, "France," 145.

51. Ibid., 13942. Ibid., 13942.

52. Ibid., 132. Ibid., 132.

53. Paul M. Kennedy, Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York: Random House, 1987). (New York: Random House, 1987).

54. Donald Kagan, Donald Kagan, On the Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace On the Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace (New York: Doubleday, 1995), 199, 20204, 20614. (New York: Doubleday, 1995), 199, 20204, 20614.

55. David Lloyd George, David Lloyd George, War Memoirs of David Lloyd George, 19141918 War Memoirs of David Lloyd George, 19141918 (Boston: Little, Brown, 193337), 1:5760. (Boston: Little, Brown, 193337), 1:5760.

56. Wilson, "Britain," in Wilson, ed., Wilson, "Britain," in Wilson, ed., Decisions for War Decisions for War, 200.

57. Ibid., 18889. Also J. Paul Harris, "Great Britain," in Hamilton and Herwig, eds., Ibid., 18889. Also J. Paul Harris, "Great Britain," in Hamilton and Herwig, eds., Origins of World War I Origins of World War I, 26699.

58. Wilson, "Britain," 191; Harris, "Great Britain," 282. Wilson, "Britain," 191; Harris, "Great Britain," 282.

59. Elie Halevy, Elie Halevy, A History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century A History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Barnes & n.o.ble, 1961), 1:438. (New York: Barnes & n.o.ble, 1961), 1:438.

60. Kagan, Kagan, Origins of War Origins of War, 202.

61. Asquith to Stanley, 2 August 1914. Asquith to Stanley, 2 August 1914. H. H. Asquith: Letters to Venetia Stanley H. H. Asquith: Letters to Venetia Stanley (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 146. (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 146.

62. Kagan, Kagan, Origins of War Origins of War, 20203.

63. Keiger, Keiger, France and the Origins of the First World War France and the Origins of the First World War, 162.

64. Barbara W. Tuchman, Barbara W. Tuchman, The Guns of August The Guns of August (New York: Ballantine Books, 1994), 133. (New York: Ballantine Books, 1994), 133.

65. Wilson, "Britain," 20102. Wilson, "Britain," 20102.

66. Ibid., 139. Ibid., 139.

67. George Allardice Baron Riddell, George Allardice Baron Riddell, Lord Riddell's War Diary, 19141918 Lord Riddell's War Diary, 19141918 (London: Nicholson & Watson, 1933), 6. (London: Nicholson & Watson, 1933), 6.

68. Wilson, "Britain," 199; Harris, "Great Britain," 286; Bernard Wa.s.serstein, Wilson, "Britain," 199; Harris, "Great Britain," 286; Bernard Wa.s.serstein, Herbert Samuel: A Political Life (Oxford: Herbert Samuel: A Political Life (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), 163. Clarendon Press, 1992), 163.

69. Hansard's Parliamentary Debates Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, 65 (1914): 180927; Sir Edward Grey, Twenty-Five Years, 18921916 Twenty-Five Years, 18921916(London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1935), 2:1617.

70. Steiner, Steiner, Britain and the Origins of the First World War Britain and the Origins of the First World War, 245.

71. Geiss, Geiss, ed., Juli 1914 ed., Juli 1914, 347.

72. Bernhard von Bulow, Bernhard von Bulow, Denkwurdigkeiten Denkwurdigkeiten (Berlin: Ulstein, 1931), 4:556. (Berlin: Ulstein, 1931), 4:556.

73. Wilson, "Britain," 199. Wilson, "Britain," 199.

74. Lloyd George, Lloyd George, War Memoirs War Memoirs, 1:32, 59, 52.

75. Gina von Hotzendorf, Gina von Hotzendorf, Mein Leben mit Conrad Mein Leben mit Conrad, 3031.

76. Ivan S. Bloch's six-volume cla.s.sic, Ivan S. Bloch's six-volume cla.s.sic, La guerre La guerre (Paris: Guillaumin, 1898); Engels's comments from December 1887 in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, eds., (Paris: Guillaumin, 1898); Engels's comments from December 1887 in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, eds., Werke Werke (Berlin: Dietz, 1962), 21:35051. (Berlin: Dietz, 1962), 21:35051.

77. BA-MA, RM 61/150, Denkschrift uber die Ersatzgestellung fur das Deutsche Heer von Mitte September bis Ende 1914. BA-MA, RM 61/150, Denkschrift uber die Ersatzgestellung fur das Deutsche Heer von Mitte September bis Ende 1914.

78. Paul Plaut, "Psychographie des Krieges," Paul Plaut, "Psychographie des Krieges," Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psy-chologie Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psy-chologie 20 (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1920): 1014. 20 (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1920): 1014.

79. Herwig, Herwig, First World War First World War, 35, 80.

80. Adolf Hitler, Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf Mein Kampf (Munich: F. Eher Nachf., 1939), 165. (Munich: F. Eher Nachf., 1939), 165.

81. Joachim Remak, Joachim Remak, The Origins of World War I The Origins of World War I (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967), 148. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967), 148.

82. Herwig, Herwig, First World War First World War, 80.

83. Asquith to Stanley, 4 August 1914. Asquith to Stanley, 4 August 1914. Letters to Venetia Stanley Letters to Venetia Stanley, 150.

84. John Gooch, John Gooch, The Plans of War: The General Staff and British Military Strategy, c. 19001916 The Plans of War: The General Staff and British Military Strategy, c. 19001916 (New York: Wiley, 1974), 300. (New York: Wiley, 1974), 300.

85. Hew Strachan, Hew Strachan, The First World War The First World War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 1:15962. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 1:15962.

86. A few among the many include Jean-Jacques Becker, A few among the many include Jean-Jacques Becker, 1914, comment les Francaises sont entres dans la guerre: contribution a l'etude de l'opinion publique printemps-ete 1914 1914, comment les Francaises sont entres dans la guerre: contribution a l'etude de l'opinion publique printemps-ete 1914 (Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences publiques, 1977); Wolfgang Kruse, (Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences publiques, 1977); Wolfgang Kruse, Krieg und nationale Integration Krieg und nationale Integration. Eine Neuinterpretation des sozialdemokratischen Burgfriedensschlusses 1914/15 Eine Neuinterpretation des sozialdemokratischen Burgfriedensschlusses 1914/15 (Essen: Klartext, 1993); Thomas Raithel, (Essen: Klartext, 1993); Thomas Raithel, Das "Wunder" der inneren Einheit. Studien zur deutschen und franzosischen offentlichkeit bei Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges Das "Wunder" der inneren Einheit. Studien zur deutschen und franzosischen offentlichkeit bei Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges (Bonn: Bouvier, 1996); and Jeffrey Verhey, (Bonn: Bouvier, 1996); and Jeffrey Verhey, The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Germany The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

87. Verhey, Verhey, Spirit of 1914 Spirit of 1914, 232.

88. Jon Lawrence, "The Transition to War in 1914," in Jon Lawrence, "The Transition to War in 1914," in Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, and Berlin, 19141919 Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, and Berlin, 19141919, eds. Jay Winter and Jean-Louis Robert (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 139ff.

89. Fritz Nieser report dated 3 August 1914. GLA, 233 Politische Berichte des Groherzogl. Gesandten in Berlin und Munchen uber den Kriegsausbruch 34816. Fritz Nieser report dated 3 August 1914. GLA, 233 Politische Berichte des Groherzogl. Gesandten in Berlin und Munchen uber den Kriegsausbruch 34816.

90. Axel Varnbuler to Karl von Weizsacker, 3 August 1914. HStA, M 1/2 Berichte der sachsischen und wurttembergischen Gesandschaften in Berlin an ihre Regierungen zwischen dem 28. Juni und 5. August 1914, vol. 54. Axel Varnbuler to Karl von Weizsacker, 3 August 1914. HStA, M 1/2 Berichte der sachsischen und wurttembergischen Gesandschaften in Berlin an ihre Regierungen zwischen dem 28. Juni und 5. August 1914, vol. 54.

91. Kruse, Kruse, Krieg und nationale Integration Krieg und nationale Integration, 3041.

92. Becker, Becker, 1914 1914, 270357.

93. Deutsche Quellen zur Geschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges Deutsche Quellen zur Geschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges, ed. Wolfdieter Bihl (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1991), 49.

94. Diary entries dated 1 and 2 August 1914. BA-MA, MSg 2/4537, Tagebuch Schulin. Diary entries dated 1 and 2 August 1914. BA-MA, MSg 2/4537, Tagebuch Schulin.

95. SHStA, 11372 Militargeschichtliche Sammlung Nr. 371, Nachla Martin Nestler. SHStA, 11372 Militargeschichtliche Sammlung Nr. 371, Nachla Martin Nestler.

96. Marc Bloch, Marc Bloch, Memoirs of War, 191415 Memoirs of War, 191415 (Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 1980), 7879. (Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 1980), 7879.

97. Marc Ferro, Marc Ferro, The Great War, 19141918 The Great War, 19141918 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973), 14749. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973), 14749.

98. Letter to his wife, Helene, dated 23 August 1914. BA-MA, N 43, Nachla Groener, folder 31. Letter to his wife, Helene, dated 23 August 1914. BA-MA, N 43, Nachla Groener, folder 31.

99. Diary entry dated 1 August 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50635, Tagebuch v. Falkenhayn. Diary entry dated 1 August 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50635, Tagebuch v. Falkenhayn.

CHAPTER 2. 2. "Let Slip the Dogs of War" "Let Slip the Dogs of War"

1. George F. Kennan, George F. Kennan, The Decline of Bismarck's European Order: Franco-Russian Relations, 18751890 The Decline of Bismarck's European Order: Franco-Russian Relations, 18751890 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), 3. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), 3.

2. Henry Kissinger, Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 201ff. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 201ff.

3. Arden Bucholz, Arden Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen and Prussian War Planning Moltke, Schlieffen and Prussian War Planning (New York and Oxford: Berg, 1991), 109ff. (New York and Oxford: Berg, 1991), 109ff.

4. Gerhard Ritter, Gerhard Ritter, Staatskunst und Kriegshandwerk. Das Problem des "Militarismus" in Deutschland Staatskunst und Kriegshandwerk. Das Problem des "Militarismus" in Deutschland (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1965), 2:244. (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1965), 2:244.

5. Speech of 14 May 1890. Speech of 14 May 1890. Stenographische Berichte uber die Verhandlungen des Reichstages Stenographische Berichte uber die Verhandlungen des Reichstages (Berlin: J. Gittenfeld, 1890/91), 114:7677. (Berlin: J. Gittenfeld, 1890/91), 114:7677.

6. Michael E. Nolan, Michael E. Nolan, The Inverted Mirror: My thologizing the Enemy in France and Germany, 18981914 The Inverted Mirror: My thologizing the Enemy in France and Germany, 18981914 (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2005), 41. (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2005), 41.

7. Jules Verne, Jules Verne, Les cinq cents millions de la Begum Les cinq cents millions de la Begum, vol. 18, Les uvres de Jules Verne Les uvres de Jules Verne (Geneva: Editions de l'Agora, 1981). (Geneva: Editions de l'Agora, 1981).

8. The standard for decades was Gerhard Ritter, The standard for decades was Gerhard Ritter, Der Schlieffenplan. Kritik eines Mythos Der Schlieffenplan. Kritik eines Mythos (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1956); in English, (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1956); in English, The Schlieffen Plan: Critique of a Myth The Schlieffen Plan: Critique of a Myth (London: O. Wolff, 1958). (London: O. Wolff, 1958).

9. BA-MA, RH 61/663, Grosser Generalstab, Grosse Generalstabsreise 1905/06; Ritter, BA-MA, RH 61/663, Grosser Generalstab, Grosse Generalstabsreise 1905/06; Ritter, Schlieffenplan Schlieffenplan, 2045, 14595.

10. Oliver Stein, Oliver Stein, Die deutsche Heeresrustungspolitik 18901914. Das Militar und der Primat der Politik Die deutsche Heeresrustungspolitik 18901914. Das Militar und der Primat der Politik (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schoningh, 2007), 106. (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schoningh, 2007), 106.

11. Hans Delbruck, Hans Delbruck, History of the Art of War History of the Art of War (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1975), 1:315ff. (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1975), 1:315ff.

12. Hans von Seeckt, Hans von Seeckt, Gedanken eines Soldaten Gedanken eines Soldaten (Berlin: Verlag fur Kulturpolitik, 1927), 17. (Berlin: Verlag fur Kulturpolitik, 1927), 17.

13. BA-MA, RH 61/347, Wilhelm Dieckmann, "Der Schlieffenplan;" Robert T. Foley, ed., BA-MA, RH 61/347, Wilhelm Dieckmann, "Der Schlieffenplan;" Robert T. Foley, ed., Alfred von Schlieffen's Military Writings Alfred von Schlieffen's Military Writings (Portland, OR: Frank Ca.s.s, 2003); and especially Gerhard P. Gro, "There Was a Schlieffen Plan," in (Portland, OR: Frank Ca.s.s, 2003); and especially Gerhard P. Gro, "There Was a Schlieffen Plan," in Der Schlieffenplan. a.n.a.lysen und Dok.u.mente Der Schlieffenplan. a.n.a.lysen und Dok.u.mente, eds. Hans Ehlert, Michael Epkenhans, and Gerhard P. Gro (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schoningh, 2006), 11760. The German deployment plans from 1893 to 1914 are reproduced in ibid., 345484.

14. WK, 1:14244. WK, 1:14244.

15. Groe Generalstabsreise 1905/06. BA-MA, PH 3/663, Groer Generalstab. Groe Generalstabsreise 1905/06. BA-MA, PH 3/663, Groer Generalstab.

16. Aufmarsch 1905/06. Ehlert, Epkenhans and Gro, eds., Aufmarsch 1905/06. Ehlert, Epkenhans and Gro, eds., Schlieffenplan Schlieffenplan, 39499.

17. BA-MA, N 323/9, Nachla Boetticher, Gr. Generalstabsreise Mai 1905, 37; Gro, "There Was a Schlieffen Plan," 13940. BA-MA, N 323/9, Nachla Boetticher, Gr. Generalstabsreise Mai 1905, 37; Gro, "There Was a Schlieffen Plan," 13940.

18. Yehuda L. Wallach, Yehuda L. Wallach, The Dogma of the Battle of Annihilation: The Theories of Clausewitz and Schlieffen and Their Impact on the German Conduct of Two World Wars The Dogma of the Battle of Annihilation: The Theories of Clausewitz and Schlieffen and Their Impact on the German Conduct of Two World Wars (Westport, CT, and London: Greenwood, 1986), 58. (Westport, CT, and London: Greenwood, 1986), 58.

19. Ritter, Ritter, Schlieffenplan Schlieffenplan, 68; Stig Forster, "Der deutsche Generalstab und die Illusion des kurzen Krieges, 18711914. Metakritik eines Mythos," Militargeschichtliche Mitteilungen Militargeschichtliche Mitteilungen 54 (1995): 78. 54 (1995): 78.

20. Holger H. Herwig, Holger H. Herwig, The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 19141918 The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 19141918 (London: Arnold, 1997), 4850. (London: Arnold, 1997), 4850.

21. BA-MA, RH 61/346, Dieckmann, "Der Schlieffenplan," 5357; BA-MA, N 43/101, Nachla Schlieffen, "Der Krieg in der Gegenwart." BA-MA, RH 61/346, Dieckmann, "Der Schlieffenplan," 5357; BA-MA, N 43/101, Nachla Schlieffen, "Der Krieg in der Gegenwart."

22. Terence Zuber, "The Schlieffen Plan Reconsidered," Terence Zuber, "The Schlieffen Plan Reconsidered," War in History War in History 6 (July 1999): 262305. Zuber expanded on this in 6 (July 1999): 262305. Zuber expanded on this in Inventing the Schlieffen Plan: German War Planning, 18711914 (Oxford: Inventing the Schlieffen Plan: German War Planning, 18711914 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). Oxford University Press, 2003).

23. Diary and letters to Helene dated 22, 23, and 29 August, 13 and 15 September 1914. BA-MA, N 43, Nachla Groener, folders 22, 31. Diary and letters to Helene dated 22, 23, and 29 August, 13 and 15 September 1914. BA-MA, N 43, Nachla Groener, folders 22, 31.

24. Tagebuch Rupprecht dated 15 August and 9 September 1914. BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699. Tagebuch Rupprecht dated 15 August and 9 September 1914. BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699.

25. Hans von Zwehl, Hans von Zwehl, Erich von Falkenhayn, General der Infanterie. Eine biographische Studie Erich von Falkenhayn, General der Infanterie. Eine biographische Studie (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1926), 66. (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1926), 66.

26. Muller-Loebnitz to Tappen, 29 December 1920. BA-MA, N 56/2, Nachla Tappen. Muller-Loebnitz to Tappen, 29 December 1920. BA-MA, N 56/2, Nachla Tappen.

27. Ernst Rudolf Huber, Ernst Rudolf Huber, Deutsche Verfa.s.sungsgeschichte seit 1789 Deutsche Verfa.s.sungsgeschichte seit 1789 (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1963), 3:882ff. (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1963), 3:882ff.

28. Muller-Loebnitz to Tappen, 29 December 1920. BA-MA, N 56/2, Nachla Tappen. Muller-Loebnitz to Tappen, 29 December 1920. BA-MA, N 56/2, Nachla Tappen.

29. The most recent a.s.sessment is by Annika Mombauer, The most recent a.s.sessment is by Annika Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke and the Origins of the First World War Helmuth von Moltke and the Origins of the First World War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 46ff. The standard biography remains Eberhard Kessel, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 46ff. The standard biography remains Eberhard Kessel, Moltke Moltke (Stuttgart: K. F. Koehler, 1957). Given the near-total postwar destruction of Moltke's papers by "patriotic self-censors," this work remains pivotal. The Moltke materials that escaped destruction have been published as (Stuttgart: K. F. Koehler, 1957). Given the near-total postwar destruction of Moltke's papers by "patriotic self-censors," this work remains pivotal. The Moltke materials that escaped destruction have been published as Helmuth von Moltke 18481916. Dok.u.mente zu seinem Leben und Wirken Helmuth von Moltke 18481916. Dok.u.mente zu seinem Leben und Wirken, ed. Thomas Meyer (Basel: Perseus, 1993), 2 vols. Some succor can be found in the discovery of eighteen of Schlieffen's and six of Moltke's "staff problems" (Schluaufgaben) (Schluaufgaben) in the National Archives, College Park, MD, Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs, RG 165, Box 620. They had been collected and translated in 1928 by Colonel A. L. Conger, U.S. military attache to Berlin. in the National Archives, College Park, MD, Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs, RG 165, Box 620. They had been collected and translated in 1928 by Colonel A. L. Conger, U.S. military attache to Berlin.

30. For a critical a.n.a.lysis, see Helmut Zaner, "Der Generalstabschef Helmuth von Moltke d.J. und das theosophische Milieu um Rudolf Steiner," For a critical a.n.a.lysis, see Helmut Zaner, "Der Generalstabschef Helmuth von Moltke d.J. und das theosophische Milieu um Rudolf Steiner," Militargeschichtliche Zeitschrift Militargeschichtliche Zeitschrift 62 (2003): 42358. 62 (2003): 42358.

31. Letter to his wife dated 23 July 1904. Moltke, 296. Letter to his wife dated 23 July 1904. Moltke, 296.

32. Stein, Stein, Deutsche Heeresrustungspolitik Deutsche Heeresrustungspolitik, 40, 255.

33. Annika Mombauer, "Der Moltkeplan: Modifikation des Schlieffenplans bei gleichen Zielen?" in Ehlert, Epkenhans, and Gro, eds., Annika Mombauer, "Der Moltkeplan: Modifikation des Schlieffenplans bei gleichen Zielen?" in Ehlert, Epkenhans, and Gro, eds., Schlieffenplan Schlieffenplan, 7999.

34. See Robert T. Foley, "Preparing the German Army for the First World War: The Operational Ideas of Alfred von Schlieffen and Helmuth von Moltke the Younger," See Robert T. Foley, "Preparing the German Army for the First World War: The Operational Ideas of Alfred von Schlieffen and Helmuth von Moltke the Younger," War & Society War & Society 22 (October 2004): 9ff. 22 (October 2004): 9ff.

35. Die Groe Politik der europaischen Kabinette 18711914. Sammlung der Diplomatischen Akten des Auswartigen Amtes Die Groe Politik der europaischen Kabinette 18711914. Sammlung der Diplomatischen Akten des Auswartigen Amtes, eds. Johannes Lepsius, et al. (Berlin: Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft fur Politik und Geschichte, 192227), 33:303.

36. Moltke to Conrad, 21 January 1909. BA-MA, RH 61/50315, Gemeinsame Kriegs...o...b..reitung Deutschland-osterreich-Ungarn. Frage eines gemeinsamen Oberbefehls im Kriege, 1415. Moltke to Conrad, 21 January 1909. BA-MA, RH 61/50315, Gemeinsame Kriegs...o...b..reitung Deutschland-osterreich-Ungarn. Frage eines gemeinsamen Oberbefehls im Kriege, 1415.

37. Moltke to Bethmann Hollweg, 21 December 1912. BA-MA, RH 61/406, Die militarpolitische Lage Deutschlands in den letzten 5 Jahren vor dem Kriege, 63. Moltke to Bethmann Hollweg, 21 December 1912. BA-MA, RH 61/406, Die militarpolitische Lage Deutschlands in den letzten 5 Jahren vor dem Kriege, 63.

38. Ibid., 70. Ibid., 70.

39. Dated 5 August 1914. Mombauer, "Der Moltkeplan," 87. Dated 5 August 1914. Mombauer, "Der Moltkeplan," 87.

40. See Foley, "Preparing the German Army," 20ff. See Foley, "Preparing the German Army," 20ff.

41. BA-MA, RH 61/406, Die militarpolitische Lage Deutschlands, 7173. BA-MA, RH 61/406, Die militarpolitische Lage Deutschlands, 7173.

42. BA-MA, RH 61/96, Aufmarschanweisungen fur die Jahre 1893/94 bis 1914/15. BA-MA, RH 61/96, Aufmarschanweisungen fur die Jahre 1893/94 bis 1914/15.

43. Aufmarsch 1913/14. Ibid. Aufmarsch 1913/14. Ibid.