7. PASTINaCA, L. PARSNIP.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, very much flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral extended into broad wings, which are strongly nerved toward the outer margin; oil-tubes small, solitary in the intervals, 2--4 on the commissure; stylopodium depressed.--Tall stout glabrous biennial, with pinnately compound leaves, mostly no involucre or involucels, and yellow flowers. (The Latin name, from _pastus_, food.)

P. SATVA, L. Stem grooved; leaflets ovate to oblong, cut-toothed.--Introduced everywhere. (Adv. from Eu.)

8. POLYTae'NIA, DC.

Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit obovate to oval, much flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs small or obscure in the depressed back, the lateral with broad thick corky closely contiguous wings forming the margin of the fruit; oil-tubes 12--18 about the seed and many scattered through the thick corky pericarp.--A perennial mostly glabrous herb, with 2-pinnate leaves (upper opposite and 3-cleft), the segments cuneate and incised, no involucre, narrow involucels, and bright yellow flowers in May.

(Named from p????, _many_, and ta???a, _a fillet_, alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.)

1. P. Nuttallii, DC. Plant 2--3 high; pedicels and involucels p.u.b.escent.--Barrens, Mich, to N. Ala., west to the Rocky Mts.

9. PEUCeDANUM, L.

Calyx-teeth mostly obsolete. Fruit roundish to oblong, much flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs filiform and approximate; the lateral extended into broad closely coherent wings; oil-tubes 1--4 in the intervals, 2--6 on the commissure.--Dry ground acaulescent (or short caulescent) herbs, with fusiform roots, dissected leaves, no involucre, yellow or white flowers, and stylopodium depressed or wanting. (The ancient Greek name.)

1. P. nudicaule, Nutt. p.u.b.escent, with peduncles 3--8' high; _leaves bipinnate, the small oblong segments entire or toothed; involucels of scarious-margined (often purplish) lanceolate bractlets; flowers white or pinkish; fruit almost round_, emarginate at base, _glabrous_, with wings hardly as broad as the body, and _indistinct or obsolete dorsal ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals_.--Minn. to Iowa and Kan., and westward. One of the earliest spring bloomers.

2. P. fniculaceum, Nutt. Tomentose or glabrous, with peduncles 8--12'

long; _leaves finely dissected, with short filiform segments; involucels gamophyllous, 5--7-cleft, with conspicuously hairy margins; flowers yellow; fruit broadly oblong, glabrous_, with wings half as broad as the body, and _prominent dorsal ribs; oil-tubes 1--3 in the intervals_.--Minn. to Tex. March--April.

3. P. villsum, Nutt. More or less p.u.b.escent throughout, 3--8' high; _leaves finely dissected, with very numerous narrow crowded segments; involucels of ovate to linear bractlets; flowers yellow; fruit oval_, with wings half as broad as the body, and _prominent dorsal ribs; oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals_.--Minn. to Neb. and Dak., southwestward to Ariz. Root much elongated.

10. CYMoPTERUS, Raf.

Calyx-teeth more or less prominent. Fruit usually globose, with all the ribs conspicuously winged; oil-tubes one to several in the intervals, 2--8 on the commissure. Stylopodium depressed. Seed-face slightly concave.--Mostly low (often cespitose) glabrous perennials, from a thick elongated root, more or less pinnately compound leaves, with or without an involucre, prominent involucels, and white flowers (in ours). (From ??a, _a wave_, and pte???, _a wing_, referring to the often undulate wings.)

1. C. glomeratus, Raf. Low (3--8'), with a short erect caudex bearing leaves and peduncles at the summit, glabrous; rays and pedicels very short, _making a compact cl.u.s.ter; involucre none; involucel of a single palmately 5--7-parted bractlet_; fruit globose (3--4" in diam.); wings rather corky; _oil-tubes 4 or 5 in the intervals_.--Minn. and Wisc. to Iowa and Ark., and westward.

2. C. monta.n.u.s, Torr. & Gray. Of similar habit (1--6' high), glaucous and mostly glabrous; _rays 3--9" long_, pedicels very short; _involucre and involucels of mostly broad membranaceous usually green-veined bracts_ (more or less united); fruit oblong to orbicular in outline (3--6" long); wings thin; _oil-tubes 1--3 in the intervals_.--Neb. to central Kan., Tex., and westward. April.

11. THaSPIUM, Nutt. MEADOW-PARSNIP.

Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit ovoid to oblong, slightly flattened dorsally; carpel with 3 or 4 or all the ribs strongly winged; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. Stylopodium wanting; styles long.--Perennials (2--5 high), with ternately divided leaves (or the lower simple) and broad serrate or toothed leaflets, mostly yellow flowers, and all the fruit pedicelled. (Name a play upon _Thapsia_, so called from the island of Thapsus.)

1. T. aureum, Nutt. _Glabrous; root-leaves mostly cordate, serrate; stem-leaves simply ternate_ (rarely biternate); leaflets ovate to lanceolate, round or tapering at base, serrate; _flowers deep yellow_; fruit globose-ovoid, about 2" long, _all the ribs equally winged_.--Thickets and woodlands, throughout the Atlantic States and west into the Miss. Valley. Fl. in summer and maturing fruit in late summer or autumn. Very variable, an extreme form being

Var. trifoliatum, Coult. & Rose. Leaves or leaflets crenate or crenately toothed. (T. trifoliatum, _Gray_, Man., in part.)--Ohio to Ill., westward to Oregon. The common western form.

Var. atropurpureum, Coult. & Rose. Petals dark-purple. (T. trifoliatum, var. atropurpureum, _Gray_, Man.)--Same range as the species.

2. T. barbinde, Nutt. Loosely branched, _p.u.b.escent on the joints_, sometimes p.u.b.erulent in the umbels; _leaves 1--3-ternate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate_, acute, with cuneate base, coa.r.s.ely cut-serrate, often ternately cleft or parted; _flowers light yellow_; fruit broadly oblong, about 3" long and 2" broad, _with mostly 7 prominent wings_.--Banks of streams, N. Y. to Minn., and southward. May--June.--Var. ANGUSTIFLIUM, Coult. & Rose, has narrower, more sharply cut leaflets, and fruit more or less p.u.b.erulent.--Penn. to Ill.

3. T. pinnatifidum, Gray. Resembling the last, but _p.u.b.erulent on the branchlets, umbels, and fruit, with fewer leaves; leaflets 1--2-pinnatifid_, the lobes linear or oblong; one or two leaves near the base often very large and long-petioled; flowers light yellow; fruit oblong, 1--2" long and 1--1" broad, _all the ribs winged_, generally three of them narrowly so. (T. Walteri, _Shuttlew._ in herb.)--Barrens and mountains, Ky. to Tenn. and N. C.

12. LIGuSTIc.u.m, L. LOVAGE.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong or ovate, flattened laterally if at all, glabrous; carpels with prominent equal acute ribs and broad intervals; oil-tubes 2--6 in the intervals, 6--10 on the commissure.

Stylopodium conical.--Smooth perennials, from large aromatic roots, with large ternately compound leaves, mostly no involucre, involucels of narrow bractlets, and white flowers in large many-rayed umbels. (Named from the country _Liguria_, where the officinal _Lovage_ of the gardens abounds.)

1. L. actaeiflium, Michx. (NONDO. ANGELICO.) Stem stout, branched above (2--6 high); _leaves very large, 3--4-ternate; leaflets broadly oblong (2--5' long), coa.r.s.ely serrate; fruit ovate (2--3" long)_; seed with angled back.--Rich ground, S. Penn. to Ky., southward to the Gulf.

2. L. Scotic.u.m, L. (SCOTCH LOVAGE.) Stem simple (1--2 high); _leaves biternate; leaflets ovate (1--2' long), coa.r.s.ely toothed; fruit narrowly oblong (4--5" long)_; seed with round back.--Salt marshes, along the coast from Nantucket northward. Aug. (Eu.)

13. aeTHuSA, L. FOOL'S PARSLEY.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose, slightly flattened dorsally; carpel with 5 thick sharp ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure.--Poisonous annuals, with 2--3-ternately compound leaves, divisions pinnate, ultimate segments small and many cleft, no involucre, long narrow involucels, and white flowers. (Name from a???, _to burn_, from the acrid taste.)

ae. CYNaPIUM, L. A fetid, poisonous European herb, in cultivated grounds, from N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn. June--Aug.

14. CLOPLEuRUM, Ledeb.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose to oblong, with very prominent nearly equal thick corky ribs (none of them winged); oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and under the ribs, 2 on the commissure. Seed loose in the pericarp.--Stout glabrous (or inflorescence p.u.b.erulent) sea-coast perennial, with 2--3-ternate leaves on very large inflated petioles, few-leaved deciduous involucre, involucels of numerous small linear-lanceolate bractlets (rarely conspicuous or even leaf-like), and greenish-white flowers in many-rayed umbels. (From ??????, _hollow_, and p?e????, _a rib_.)

1. C. Gmelini, Ledeb. Stem 1--3 high; leaflets ovate, irregularly cut-serrate (2--2' long); fruit 2--3" long. (Archangelica Gmelini, _DC._)--Rocky coasts, Ma.s.s. to Greenland.

15. CRaNTZIA, Nutt.

Calyx-teeth small. Fruit globose or slightly flattened laterally; dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral thick and corky; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure.--Small perennials, creeping and rooting in the mud, with hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped nodose petioles in place of leaves, simple few-flowered umbels, and white flowers. (Named for _Prof. Henry John Crantz_, an Austrian botanist of the 18th century.)

1. C. lineata, Nutt. Leaves very obtuse, 1--3' long, 1--2" broad; fruit 1" long, the thick lateral wings forming a corky margin.--In brackish marshes along the coast, from Ma.s.s. to Miss. July. Very widely distributed.

16. FNiCULUM, Adans. FENNEL.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, glabrous, with prominent ribs and solitary oil-tubes.--Stout glabrous aromatic herb, with leaves dissected into numerous filiform segments, no involucre nor involucels, and large umbels of yellow flowers. (The Latin name, from _fnum_, hay.)

F. OFFICINaLE, All., the cultivated fennel from Europe, has become naturalized along the sh.o.r.es of Md. and Va., and is a common escape.

17. PIMPINeLLA, L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong to ovate, glabrous, with slender equal ribs, numerous oil-tubes, and depressed or cushion-like stylopodium.--Glabrous perennials, with ternately or pinnately compound leaves, involucre and involucels scanty or none, and white or yellow flowers. (Name said to be formed from _bipinnula_, referring to the bipinnate leaves.)

1. P. integerrima, Benth. & Hook. Glaucous, 1--3 high, slender, branching; leaves 2--3-ternate, with lanceolate to ovate entire leaflets; flowers yellow; fruit broadly oblong, 2" long; stylopodium small or wanting. (Zizia integerrima, _DC._)--Rocky hillsides, Atlantic States to Minn., E. Kan., and Ark. May.

P. SAXiFRAGA, L., var. MaJOR, Koch. Leaves simply pinnate, with sharply toothed leaflets; flowers white; fruit oblong, 1" long; stylopodium cushion-like.--Rocky sh.o.r.es of Delaware River; Sycamore, Ohio. (Nat.

from Eu.)