22. HARPaNTHUS, Nees. (Pl. 23.)

Leaves succubous, semi-vertical, ovate, emarginate; underleaves connate with the leaves, ovate or lanceolate, 1-toothed at base. Dicious. Fruit on short shoots from the axils of the underleaves, finally sublateral.

Involucral leaves 2 or 4. Perianth terete, the lower half thickened.

Calyptra fleshy, confluent with the perianth for {2/3} its length.

Capsule oval. Antheridia 1 or 2 in the axils of bracts terminal on slender branches. (Name from ??p? _a sickle_, and ?????, _flower_.)

1. H. scutatus, Spruce. Stems filiform, dec.u.mbent, usually simple; leaves smaller at the base and apex of the stems, roundish-ovate, concave, sharply bidentate, the apex lunate or acute; underleaves large, ac.u.minate, involucral leaves two, 2--3-cleft, the upper adnate to the perianth; perianth ovate, becoming obovate, obscurely 3--4-plicate, splitting above on one side; capsule deep brown. (Jungermannia scutata, _Weber._)--On rotten logs in damp places; common. (Eu.)

H. FLOTOVIa.n.u.s, Nees. (Pl. 23.) Stems flexuous, proc.u.mbent, mostly unbranched; leaves ovate-orbicular, horizontal, the apex contracted and emarginate with a shallow sinus; underleaves large, ovate or lanceolate, obliquely inserted, entire or more often toothed on one or both sides near the middle; dicious; perianth subcylindric, slightly sickle-shaped, the mouth pointed at first, notched on one side and finally crenulate; antheridia elliptic, single in the base of swollen leaves. (Pleuranthe olivacea, _Tayl._)--"North America" (_Drummond_), but not collected recently; certainly extralimital.

23. LIOCHLae'NA, Nees. (Pl. 25.)

Leaves succubous, ovate-oblong, entire or slightly retuse; underleaves none. Dicious or moncious. Involucral leaves 2 or 4, like the cauline; perianth pyriform, becoming cylindric, incurved, abruptly rounded at the summit, the minute orifice prominently ciliolate. Capsule oblong, long-exserted. Elaters attached to the middle of the valves. Spores minute, globose. Antheridia in the axils of ordinary leaves. Archegonia 5--12. (Name from ?????, _smooth_, and ??a??a, _a cloak_, referring to the perianth.)

1. L. lanceolata, Nees. Closely creeping, branched; leaves sometimes decurrent; involucral leaves vertical; perianth at right angles with the stem; moncious.--On banks and rotten logs; not rare. (Eu.)

24. JUNGERMaNNIA, Micheli. (Pl. 25.)

Leaves succubous, rarely subtransverse, entire, lobed or dentate, the margins never recurved; underleaves present or none. Dicious or moncious. Fruit terminal. Involucral leaves 4 or fewer, like the cauline or more incised, free; perianth laterally compressed or terete, usually 3--10-carinate, the usually small mouth entire or toothed.

Calyptra oval-pyriform. Capsule globose or oblong, rarely cylindric.

Spores minute, smooth or roughish. Archegonia 8--70. (Named for _L.

Jungermann_, a German botanist of the 17th century.)

-- 1. JUNGERMANNIA proper. _Leaves...o...b..cular or ovate, entire or barely retuse; underleaves none (very small in n. 1)._

1. J. Schraderi, Martius. (Pl. 25.) Creeping, flexuous; leaves round-elliptic, entire, ascending; underleaves broadly subulate, not apparent on old stems; involucral leaves large, elongated, the inner smaller and more or less laciniate; perianth oval-obovate, ascending.--On the ground and rotten logs; common. (Eu.)

2. J. sphaerocarpa, Hook. Stems creeping, the tips ascending, subsimple, greenish; leaves semi-vertical, rather rigid, orbicular, obliquely spreading, decurrent dorsally, pale green; involucral leaves separate; perianth exserted, obovate-oblong, the mouth 4-cleft; capsule globose.--Mountains of N. Eng. (_Austin_); rare. (Eu.)

3. J. pumila, With. Stems creeping, the tips somewhat ascending, subsimple, rooting, pale; leaves ascending, ovate, obtuse, concave, entire; involucral leaves like the cauline, erect; perianth terminal, fusiform, plicate above and denticulate; capsule oval.--On shaded rocks along rivulets, Closter, N. J. (_Austin_). (Eu.)

-- 2. LOPHZIA. _Leaves roundish or subquadrate, bidentate, bifid, or sometimes 3--5-cleft; underleaves none, or small and mostly 2-parted; perianth usually strongly plicate._

[*] _Underleaves present._

[+] _Leaves bifid or 2-lobed._

4. J. Gillmani, Aust. Stems short, densely cespitose, prostrate, strongly radiculose; leaves vertical, round-ovate, subconcave, bifid, the lower leaves with usually acute sinus and lobes, the upper much larger with rounded lobes and obtuse sinus; underleaves entire or the broader bifid; perianth without involucral leaves, dorsal, sessile, obovate, subgibbous, ciliate, at length much incised.--In a sandstone cave, Traine Island, L. Superior (_Gillman_).

5. J. Wattiana, Aust. Stems rather thick, 2--4" long, fragile, subflexuose, strongly radiculose; leaves subvertical or spreading, subovate, concave, emarginately 2-lobed, the lobes acute or the upper obtuse; underleaves somewhat obsolete, hair-like or subulate, incurved; involucral leaves little larger, less deeply lobed; perianth terminal, small, ovate-gourd-shaped, whitish, ciliate.--On the ground, northern sh.o.r.e of L. Superior (_Macoun_).

[+][+] _Leaves 3--5-cleft._

6. J. barbata, Schreb. (Pl. 25.) Proc.u.mbent, sparingly branched; leaves roundish-quadrate, with obtuse, acute, or mucronulate lobes and obtuse undulate sinuses; underleaves broad, entire or 2-toothed, sometimes obsolete; perianth ovate, plicate-angled toward the apex, denticulate.--On rocks in mountain regions; common. (Eu.)

Var. attenuata, Martius. Ascending, with numerous offshoots; stem-leaves semi-vertical, obliquely spreading, roundish, acutely 2--4-toothed, those of the shoots closely imbricate, premorsely 2--4-denticulate; involucral leaves two, 3-toothed; perianth oblong.--In similar localities. (Eu.)

7. J. setiformis, Ehrh. Erect or ascending, dichotomous; leaves toothed at base, 3--4-cleft, the lobes ovate-oblong, acute, channelled; underleaves ciliate-dentate at base, deeply bifid, the divisions lanceolate, ac.u.minate; involucral leaves more toothed than the cauline; perianth terminal, oval, plicate.--Alpine summits of N. H. (_Oakes_).

(Eu.)

[*][*] _Underleaves wanting._

[+] _Leaves 2-toothed; involucral leaves 2--4-cleft._

8. J. alpestris, Schleich. Stems creeping, crowded, bifid-branching, the ends ascending; leaves semi-vertical, ovate subquadrate, obliquely toothed, the teeth unequal, acute or mucronulate, distant; involucral leaves wider, 2--3-cleft; perianth twice as long, oblong, smooth, the mouth complicate; capsule oval.--Alpine region of N. H. (_Oakes_). (Eu.)

9. J. ventricsa, d.i.c.ks. Stems dense, close-creeping, branching from beneath; leaves semi-vertical, subquadrate, mostly flat, broadly and acutely emarginate-bidentate, often bearing globules; involucral leaves larger, round, erect-spreading, 3--4-cleft, subdentate; perianth ovate, inflated, narrowly complicate above; capsule oval.--On the ground and rotten wood in the mountains, and far northward; common. (Eu.)

10. J. Wallrothiana, Nees. Minute, blackish; stems creeping, strongly rooting, subsimple; leaves clasping, semi-vertical, closely imbricate, ovate-quadrate, concave, obtusely bidentate with an obtuse sinus, or acute in the upper leaves; involucral leaves larger, erect, connate at base, 3-toothed, wavy-plicate; perianth oval-cylindric, plicate and subdentate, pellucid, reddish below.--On coa.r.s.e sand in the White Mts.

(_Oakes_). (Eu.)

[+][+] _Leaves bifid or 2-lobed, the ventral lobe often inflexed or subcomplicate; involucral leaves merely toothed, except in n. 11._

11. J. laxa, Lindb. Widely creeping, mostly simple, usually purplish-black; leaves imbricate, or distant on the erect fertile stems, 2--3-lobed, the lobes obtuse, wavy; cells very large, lax; involucral leaves 2, wide, short, cristate-undulate, obtusely many-lobed; perianth exserted, long-clavate, sub-plicate above, minutely ciliate. (J. polita, _Aust._; not _Nees._)--Among Sphagnum near Closter, N. J. (_Austin_).

12. J. excsa, d.i.c.ks. Stems closely creeping, short, subsimple, rather rigid; leaves semi-vertical, erect-spreading, pellucid, roundish, with straight acute lobes and deep obtuse sinus; involucral leaves erect, quadrate, usually 4--5-toothed; perianth erect, oblong, pale, banded and spotted with pink, plicate above, irregularly denticulate.--Sterile grounds in open woods; common. (Eu.)

Var. crispa, Hook. Leaves round-quadrate, closely imbricate, deeply and obtusely 2--3-cleft; involucral leaves 3--4-cleft, connate at base, subserrate. (J. intermedia, _Lindenb._)--In crevices of rocks, N. Y.

and N. J. (_Austin_). (Eu.)

13. J. incsa, Schrad. Stems thick, rooting, closely creeping or ascending; leaves crowded, semi-vertical, complicate, subquadrate, 2--6-cleft, the acute lobes unequal, more or less spinulose-dentate; involucral leaves similar, more plicate and dentate, free; perianth short, oval or obovate, plicate above, denticulate.--On rotten wood in the mountains, and northward. (Eu.)

-- 3. SPHENoLOBUS. _Leaves 2-lobed, subtransverse, complicate-concave; underleaves none; involucral leaves 2--3-cleft._ (Verging toward Marsupella on one side and Diplophyllum on the other.)

14. J. Michauxii, Weber. Stems ascending, flexuous by repeated innovations below the summit; leaves crowded, subvertical, erect-spreading, subsaccate at base, subquadrate, bifid with straight acute lobes and a narrow sinus; involucral leaves similar, the outer serrulate, the inner smaller; perianth ovate-subclavate, obtuse, plicate above, fringed.--Fallen trunks, mountains of N. Y. and N. Eng.; common.

(Eu.)

15. J. minuta, Crantz. Rootless; leaves cleft -- their length, the lobes ovate, subequal, acute or obtuse, entire, or gemmiparous ones subdentate; involucral leaves trifid; perianth oval-oblong or subcylindric.--On rocks in high mountain regions, and northward. (Eu.)

16. J. h.e.l.leriana, Nees. (Pl. 25.) Creeping, entangled; leaves spreading, subascending, cleft {1/3}-- their length, the lobes equal, acute, entire or serrate; involucral leaves 2--3-cleft, spinulose serrate; perianth ovate, the mouth contracted.--On rotten wood, N. Y., N. Eng., and northward. (Eu.)

-- 4. GYMNOCoLEA. _Leaves 2-lobed; underleaves none; involucral leaves like the cauline; perianth pedunculate, denticulate._

17. J. inflata, Huds. (Pl. 25.) Proc.u.mbent or ascending, loosely radiculose, branching; leaves semi-vertical, roundish-elliptic, inequilateral, the sinus and unequal lobes obtuse; perianth terminal or at length dorsal, oval or pyriform, smooth, the mouth connivent; capsule oblong.--On sterile ground and rocks, N. J. (_Austin_), and northward in the mountains. (Eu.)

25. MARSUPeLLA, Dumort. (Pl. 23.)

Stems dorsally compressed, with rootlets at the base and often producing somewhat leafless runners. Leaves transverse, complicate-bilobed; involucral leaves 2 or 4, connate with the perianth. Perianth tubular or oval, subcompressed parallel to the base of the leaves. Elaters free.

Spores round, rufous (in our species). Antheridia mostly terminal. (Name a diminutive of _marsupium_, a pouch, from the form of the perianth.)

1. M. sphacelata, Dumort. Stems erect, subflexuous, pale brown; leaves rather distant, concave, obovate to obcordate, somewhat clasping, the sinus narrow; dicious; involucral leaves larger than the cauline, cordate; perianth free at the apex, with 4--5 broad acute teeth; antheridia 1--3, in short terminal spikes.--Wet rocks, mountains of N. Eng. to N. J., and southward. (Eu.)

2. M. emarginata, Dumort. (Pl. 23.) Stems simple or innovating at the summit, rigid, somewhat thickened upward; leaves usually broader than long, round-cordate or subquadrate, lobes obtuse or mucronate, sinus acute; dicious; involucral leaves 4--8, usually larger, more deeply and acutely emarginate; perianth urceolate, the closed apex splitting into 4--5 triangular lobes; antheridia 2--3, oval, axillary in terminal spikes. (Sarcoscyphus Ehrharti, _Corda._)--On wet rocks, chiefly in mountain rivulets, N. Y. and N. Eng. Floating forms are longer with distant leaves. (Eu.)

3. M. adusta, Spruce. Stems minute, clavate; leaves (5--8 pairs) imbricate, round or broadly ovate from a sheathing base, acutely lobed with angular sinus; moncious; perianth included, campanulate, crenate becoming irregularly lobed; spores punctate; antheridia 1 or 2, oval, in the axils of the lower involucral leaves. (Gymnomitrium adustum, _Nees._)--Alpine region of the White Mts. (_Oakes, Austin_). (Eu.)