8. V. peregrna, L. (NECKWEED. PURSLANE SPEEDWELL.) Glandular-p.u.b.erulent or _nearly smooth_, erect (4--9' high), branched; _lowest leaves petioled, oval-oblong, toothed_, thickish, the others sessile, obtuse; the upper oblong-linear and entire, longer than the almost sessile (whitish) flowers; _capsule orbicular, slightly notched_, many-seeded.--Waste and cultivated grounds, in damp soil; throughout U. S., and almost cosmopolite. April--June.

V. ARVeNSIS, L. (CORN SPEEDWELL.) Simple or diffusely branched (3--8'

high), _hairy; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate_; the uppermost sessile, lanceolate, entire; _capsule inversely heart-shaped_, the lobes rounded.--Cultivated grounds, Atlantic States to Tex., rather rare.

(Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] _Flowers long-pedicelled in axils of ordinary leaves; seeds cup-shaped._

V. AGReSTIS, L. (FIELD SPEEDWELL.) _Leaves_ round or ovate, crenate-toothed, the floral somewhat similar; calyx-lobes oblong; flower small; _ovary many-ovuled_, but the _nearly orbicular and sharply notched capsule_ 1--2 seeded.--Sandy fields, N. Brunswick to La., near the coast. (Adv. from Eu.)

V. BUXBAuMII, Tenore. _Leaves_ round or heart-ovate, crenately cut-toothed ({2/3}--1' long); flower large (nearly ' wide, blue); calyx-lobes lanceolate, widely spreading in fruit; _capsule obcordate-triangular, broadly notched_, 16--24-seeded.--Waste grounds, rare in Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.)

V. HEDERaeFLIA, L. (IVY-LEAVED SPEEDWELL.) _Leaves_ rounded or heart-shaped, _3--7-toothed or lobed_; calyx-lobes somewhat heart-shaped; flowers small; _capsule turgid, 2-lobed, 2--4-seeded_.--Shaded places, N. J., Penn., etc. April--June. (Adv. from Eu.)

17. BuCHNERA, L. BLUE-HEARTS.

Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a straight or curved tube and an almost equally 5-cleft limb, the lobes oblong or wedge-obovate, flat. Stamens 4, included, approximate in pairs; anthers one-celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and entire. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded.--Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubtless root-parasitic), turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the uppermost alternate; the flowers opposite in a terminal spike, bracted and with 2 bractlets. (Named in honor of _I. G. Buchner_, an early German botanist.)

1. B. Americana, L. Rough-hairy; stem wand-like (1--2 high); lower leaves obovate-oblong, the others ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, sparingly and coa.r.s.ely toothed, veiny; spike interrupted; calyx longer than the bracts, one third the length of the deep-purple corolla (1'

long).--Moist sandy ground, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward.

June--Aug.

18. SEYMeRIA, Pursh.

Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a short and broad tube, not longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes.

Stamens 4, somewhat equal; anthers approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-celled; the cells equal and pointless. Capsule many-seeded.--Erect branching herbs, with the general aspect and character of Gerardia, leaves mostly opposite and dissected or pinnatifid, the uppermost alternate and bract-like. Flowers yellow, interruptedly racemed or spiked. (Named for _Henry Seymer_, an English naturalist.)

1. S. macrophlla, Nutt. (MULLEIN-FOXGLOVE.) Rather p.u.b.escent (4--5 high); leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly lanceolate divisions pinnatifid and incised, the upper lanceolate; tube of the corolla incurved, very woolly inside, as are the filaments except at the apex; style short, dilated and notched at the point; capsule ovate, pointed.--Shady river-banks, Ohio to Iowa, south to Tex. July.

19. GERaRDIA, L.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form, or somewhat tubular, swelling above, with 5 more or less unequal spreading lobes, the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens 4, strongly didynamous, included, hairy; anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled, the cells parallel, often pointed at base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened at the apex. Capsule globular or ovate, pointed, many-seeded.--Erect branching herbs (more or less root-parasitic); stem-leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, the uppermost reduced to bracts and subtending 1 flowered peduncles, which often form a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or yellow; in late summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the celebrated herbalist, _John Gerarde_.)

-- 1. Da.s.sTOMA. _Corolla yellow, the tube woolly inside, as well as the anthers and filaments; anthers alike, awn-pointed at base; leaves rather large, more or less incised or pinnatifid._

[*] _p.u.b.escence partly glandular and viscid; corolla p.u.b.escent outside._

1. G. pedicularia, L. Annual or biennial, smoothish or p.u.b.escent, much branched (2--3 high), very leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, and the lobes cut and toothed; pedicels longer than the hairy mostly serrate calyx-lobes.--Dry copses; N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark.

[*][*] _No glandular p.u.b.escence; corolla glabrous outside; perennial._

2. G. grandiflra, Benth. _Minutely downy_; stem much branched (2--4 high); _leaves ovate-lanceolate, coa.r.s.ely toothed or cut, the lower pinnatifid_; pedicels rather shorter than the calyx; corolla (2' long) 4 times the length of the broadly lanceolate entire or toothed calyx-lobes.--Oak openings, Wisc. and Minn. to Tenn. and Tex.

3. G. flava, L. (DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE.) _p.u.b.escent with a fine close down_; stem (3--4 high) mostly simple; _leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid; pedicels very short_; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube, corolla 1' long.--Open woods, N. Eng. to Wisc.

and Iowa, south to Ga. and Ark.

4. G. querciflia, Pursh. (SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE.) _Smooth and glaucous_ (3--6 high), usually branching; lower _leaves commonly twice-pinnatifid; the upper oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire; pedicels nearly as long as the calyx_; calyx-lobes lance-linear, acute, as long as the at length inflated tube; corolla 2' long.--Dry woods, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ill.

5. G. laevigata, Raf. _Smooth, not glaucous_; stem (1--2 high) mostly simple; _leaves lanceolate, acute, entire_, or the lowest obscurely toothed; _pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube_; corolla 1' long. (G.

integrifolia, _Gray_.)--Oak-barrens, etc., Penn. to Mich, and Ill., south in the mountains to Ga.

-- 2. OTOPHLLA. _Corolla purple (rarely white), naked within, as well as the very unequal filaments; anthers dissimilar, pointless, glabrous or sparingly hairy._

6. G. auriculata, Michx. Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple (9--20'

high); _leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate_, sessile, _the lower entire_, the others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at the base; _flowers nearly sessile in the axils_ (1' long).--Low grounds and prairies, W. Penn. to Minn., south to N. C. and Mo.

7. G. densiflra, Benth. More hispid and rough, very leafy; _leaves rigid, pinnately parted into 3--7 narrowly linear acute divisions_, those subtending the _densely spicate flowers_ similar and crowded; corolla over 1' long.--Prairies, E. Kan. to Tex.

-- 3. GERARDIA proper. _Corolla purple or rose-color (rarely white); calyx-teeth short; anthers alike, nearly pointless, p.u.b.escent; cauline leaves linear or narrower, entire._

[*] _Perennnial; leaves erect, very narrow; pedicels erect, as long as floral leaves._

8. G. liniflia, Nutt. Glabrous, 2--3 high, sparingly or paniculately branched; leaves flat, thickish, 1" wide; calyx-teeth minute; corolla 1' long, minutely p.u.b.escent outside, villous within and lobes ciliate; anthers and filaments very villous.--Low pine barrens, Del. to Fla.

[*][*] _Annuals; herbage blackish in drying_ (except n. 13).

[+] _Pedicels little if at all longer than the calyx and capsule._

9. G. aspera, Dougl. Sparingly branched (1--2 high); leaves long and linear, rough; _pedicels (most of them alternate) equalling or moderately exceeding the calyx_, which has _triangular-lanceolate acute lobes about half as long as the tube_; corolla over 1' long.--Plains and prairies, Mich, and W. Ind. to Dak. and W. Ark.

10. G. purpurea, L. (PURPLE GERARDIA.) Stem (1--2 high) with long and rigid widely spreading branches; _leaves linear, acute, rough-margined_; flowers large (1' long), bright purple, often downy; _pedicels shorter than the calyx, mainly opposite; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed_, from very short to about half as long as the tube.--Low grounds, mainly near the coast and in the region of the Great Lakes. Very variable.--Var.

PAUPeRCULA, Gray. Smoother, more simple; corolla usually only ' long, lighter rose-purple.--N. Eng. to Penn., N. Ill., Minn., and northward.

11. G. maritima, Raf. (SEA-SIDE G.) Low (4--12' high), with shorter branches; _leaves and short broad calyx-teeth rather fleshy and obtuse_; pedicels about as long as the calyx; corolla ' long.--Salt marshes along the coast.

[+][+] _Pedicels usually exceeding the corolla; woolly anthers cuspidate at base._

12. G. tenuiflia, Vahl. (SLENDER G.) _Leaves narrowly linear_, acute, the floral ones mostly like the others; _calyx-teeth very short, acute; capsule globular, not exceeding the calyx_; corolla about ' long.--Low or dry ground, common.--Var. MACROPHLLA, Benth. Stouter; larger leaves 1--2' long and almost 2" wide, scabrous; pedicels ascending; calyx-teeth larger; corolla little over ' long. W. Iowa to W. La. and Col.--Var. ASPeRULA, Gray. Leaves all nearly filiform and upper face hispidulous scabrous; inflorescence more paniculate; corolla small, the expanded limb only 6" in diameter. Dry bare hills, Mich, and N. Ind. to Minn. and Mo.

13. G. Skinneriana, Wood. _Leaves bristle-shaped_, as are the branchlets, or the lower linear; _capsule ovate, mostly longer than the calyx_, which has short setaceous teeth; corolla 4--6" long. (G.

setacea, _Gray_, Man., not of _Walt._)--Sandy low ground, Ma.s.s. to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

20. CASTILLeIA, Mutis. PAINTED-CUP.

Calyx tubular, flattened, cleft at the summit on the anterior, and usually on the posterior side also; the divisions entire or 2-lobed.

Tube of the corolla included in the calyx; its upper lip (_galea_) long and narrow, arched and keeled, flattened laterally, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens; lower lip short, 3-lobed. Anther cells oblong-linear, unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous. Capsule many-seeded.--Herbs (root-parasitic), with alternate entire or cut-lobed leaves; the floral ones usually dilated, colored, and more showy than the yellow or purplish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to _Castillejo_, a Spanish botanist.)

1. C. coccinea, Spreng. (SCARLET PAINTED-CUP.) Hairy biennial or annual; stem simple; root-leaves cl.u.s.tered, mostly entire, obovate or oblong; those of the stem incised; the floral 3--5-cleft, bright scarlet toward the summit (rarely yellow); calyx about the length of the pale yellow corolla, _equally cleft both sides, the lobes quadrate-oblong, entire or retuse_.--Low sandy ground, Maine to Minn., south to N. J., Tenn., and Tex.

2. C. pallida, Kunth, var. septentrionalis, Gray. Perennial, smooth or sparingly hairy, at the summit woolly; _leaves mainly entire_, the lower linear, upper broader; the floral oblong or obovate, greenish-white, varying to yellowish, purple, or red; _calyx equally cleft, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, 2-cleft_; corolla --1' long, the _galea decidedly shorter than the tube_, not over 2 or 3 times as long as the lip.--Alpine summits of N. Eng., N. sh.o.r.e of L. Superior, west and northward.

3. C. sessiliflra, Pursh. Perennial, 6--8' high, very leafy, cinereous-p.u.b.escent; leaves mostly 3--5-cleft, with narrow diverging sometimes cleft lobes; the floral similar or broader, _not at all colored; calyx deeper cleft in front_, the narrow lobes deeply 2-cleft; corolla 2' long, _the short galea but twice as long as the slender-lobed lip_.--Prairies, Wisc. and Ill. to Dak. and Tex.

21. ORTHOCaRPUS, Nutt.