Mazzini's autobiographical notes in the earlier volumes of the _Scritti editi e inediti_ are of course of the highest value. The completest life is Mario, _Della vita di Giuseppe Mazzini_ (Milan, 1886), containing a ma.s.s of valuable material, but partial and including much extraneous matter. There is a much better study of Mazzini's early life, prefixed to the same auth.o.r.ess' _Scritti scelti_. Saffi's introductions to several volumes of the _Scritti editie e inediti_ are most valuable. Donaver's _Vita di G. Mazzini_ is useful, especially for the earlier period. There is a short memoir by Madame Venturi (_nee_ Miss Ashurst) prefixed to the English translation of the Duties of Man. I have seen no other biographies of any value.

NOTICES AND STUDIES.

There is a life-like portrait of Mazzini and much information about his early life in G. Ruffini, _Lorenzo Benoni_ (Edinburgh, 1853); a valuable sketch, largely based on conversations with Madame Mazzini, by Mr William Shaen in _The Public Good_, 1851; and some useful information in Donaver, _Uomini e libri_. There are studies of more or less value in Cantimori, _Saggio sull'idealismo di G. Mazzini_ (Faenza, 1904); Linaker, _La Vita italiana nel risorgimento_ (Florence, 1899); Nencioni, _Saggi critici di letteratura italiana_ (Florence, 1898); Oxilia, _Giuseppe Mazzini, uomo e letterato_ (Florence, 1902); F. Myers in _Fortnightly Review_, 1878; De Sanctis, _La letteratura italiana nel secola XIX._ (Naples, 1902); D'Ancona e Bacci, _Manuale della lettaratura italiana_, vol. v. (Florence, 1901); _Mazzini: Conferenze tenute in Genova_ (Genova, 1906). There are valuable a.n.a.lyses of Mazzini's economic position in Bozzino, _Il socialismo e la dottrina sociale di Mazzini_ (Genoa, 1895), and Bertacchi, _Il pensiero sociale di Giuseppe Mazzini_ (Milan, 1900).

Hostile studies in Bianchi, _Vicende del Mazzinianismo_ (Savona, 1854) and Gruber, _Ma.s.soneria e Rivoluzione_ (Rome, 1901), the latter of small value.

There are notices in Mrs Carlyle's _Letters and Memorials_; Carlyle's _Reminiscences_; Froude, _Carlyle's Life in London_; _Correspondence of Carlyle and Emerson_; Mrs Fletcher's _Autobiography_; W. J. Linton, _European Republicans_ and _Memories_; T. S. Cooper, _Autobiography_; Gabriel Rossetti, _Versified Autobiography_; Clough, _Prose Remains and Amours de Voyage_; Margaret Fuller Ossoli, _Memoirs_; f.a.gan, _Life of Panizzi_; Gustavo Modena, _Epistolario_ (Rome, 1888); Giurati, _Memorie d'emigrazione_ (Milan, 1897); Badii, _Antologia Mazziniana_ (Pitigliano, 1898); _Pensiero ed azione nel risorgimento italiano_ (Citta di Castello, 1898); Faldella, _I fratelli Ruffini_ (Turin, 1900); Lumbroso, _Scaramucce e Avvisaglie_ (Frascati, 1902); Cironi in _Il Bruscolo_, March 9, 1902; Tracts of the Society of the Friends of Italy; Saffi, _Ricordi e scritti_, vol. iii.; Felix Moscheles, _Fragments of an Autobiography_; articles by Matilde Blind in _Fortnightly_, May, 1891; articles by Karl Blind in _Fraser's_, August-September, 1882; article by Professor Ma.s.son in _Macmillan's_, 1871; article by Madame Venturi in _The Century_, November, 1891; the privately published Life of Miss Catherine Winkworth; Jowett's Letters; letter by C. E. Maurice to _The Spectator_, March 6, 1872; Barbiera, _Figure e figurine_ (Milan, 1899) and _Memorie di un editore_; Lloyd Garrison's introduction to his edition of some of Mazzini's Essays; T. S. Cooper, _A Paradise of Martyrs_; G. J.

Holyoake, _Bygones_; Caroline Fox, _Memories_; Madame Adams, _Memoirs_; De Lesseps, _Ma Mission a Rome_; Rusconi, _Repubblica Romana_; Diamilla-Muller, _Roma e Venezia_; Stillman, _Union of Italy_; Zini, _Storia d'Italia_, Doc.u.menti I.