[226] Jefferson to Short, May 18, 1792; _Works_: Ford, vi, 413; and see "A Citizen" in the _National Gazette_, May 3, 1792, for a typical Republican indictment of Funding and a.s.sumption.

[227] Gallatin's _Writings_: Adams, i, 3.

[228] Pennsylvania alone had five thousand distilleries. (Beard: _Econ.

O. J. D._, 250.) Whiskey was used as a circulating medium. (McMaster, ii, 29.) Every contemporary traveler tells of the numerous private stills in Pennsylvania and the South. Practically all farmers, especially in the back country, had their own apparatus for making whiskey or brandy. (See chap. VII, vol. I, of this work.)

Nor was this industry confined to the lowly and the frontiersmen.

Washington had a large distillery. (Washington to William Augustine Washington, Feb. 27, 1798; _Writings_: Ford, xiii, 444.)

New England's rum, on the other hand, was supplied by big distilleries; and these could include the tax in the price charged the consumer. Thus the people of Pennsylvania and the South felt the tax personally, while New Englanders were unconscious of it. Otherwise there doubtless would have been a New England "rum rebellion," as Shays's uprising and as New England's implied threat in the a.s.sumption fight would seem to prove.

(See Beard: _Econ. O. J. D._, 250-51.)

[229] Marshall, ii, 200.

[230] _Ib._, 238.

[231] Graydon, 372.

[232] Sept. 25, 1794; _Writings_: Ford, xii, 467.

[233] Sept. 15, 1792; Richardson, i, 124; Aug. 7, 1794; _Writings_: Ford, xii, 445.

[234] Hamilton remained with the troops until the insurrection was suppressed and order fully established. (See Hamilton's letters to Washington, written from various points, during the expedition, from Oct. 25 to Nov. 19, 1794; _Works_: Lodge, vi, 451-60.)

[235] Marshall, ii, 200, 235-38, 340-48; Gibbs, i, 144-55; and see Hamilton's Report to the President, Aug. 5, 1794; _Works_: Lodge, vi, 358-88. But see Gallatin's _Writings_: Adams, i, 2-12; Beard: _Econ. O.

J. D._, 250-60. For extended account of the Whiskey Rebellion from the point of view of the insurgents, see Findley: _History of the Insurrection_, etc., and Breckenridge: _History of the Western Insurrection_.

[236] The claim now made by the Republicans that they were the only friends of the Const.i.tution was a clever political turn. Also it is an amusing incident of our history. The Federalists were the creators of the Const.i.tution; while the Republicans, generally speaking and with exceptions, had been ardent foes of its adoption. (See Beard: _Econ. O.

J. D._)

[237] Graydon, 374. Jefferson's party was called Republican because of its championship of the French Republic. (Ambler, 63.)

[238] In the Fairfax purchase. (See _infra_, chap. V.)

[239] See Hamilton's orders to General Lee; _Works_: Lodge, vi, 445-51; and see Washington to Lee, Oct. 20, 1794; _Writings_: Ford, xii, 478-80.

[240] Washington to Lee, Aug. 26, 1794; _Writings_: Ford, xii, 454-56.

[241] Washington to Jay, Nov. 1, 1794; _ib._, 486.

[242] Washington to Thruston, Aug. 10, 1794; _ib._, 452.

[243] Washington to Morgan, Oct. 8, 1794; _ib._, 470. The Virginia militia were under the Command of Major-General Daniel Morgan.

[244] General Order, June 30, 1794; _Cal. Va. St. Prs._, vii, 202.

[245] Carrington to Lieutenant-Governor Wood, Sept. 1, 1794; _ib._, 287.

[246] Major-General Daniel Morgan to the Governor of Virginia, Sept. 7, 1794; _ib._, 297.

[247] Jefferson to Washington, Sept. 18, 1792; _Works_: Ford, vii, 153.

[248] Jefferson to Madison, Dec. 28, 1794; _ib._, viii, 157.

[249] _Ib._

[250] Jefferson to Monroe, May 26, 1795; _ib._, 177.

[251] Jefferson to Madison, Dec. 28, 1794; _ib._, 157.

[252] Wolcott to Wolcott, Dec. 15, 1792; Gibbs, i, 85.

[253] Marshall, ii, 256; see Washington's "Farewell Address."

[254] John Adams claimed this as his particular idea. "Washington learned it from me ... and practiced upon it." (Adams to Rush, July 7, 1805; _Old Family Letters_, 71.)

"I trust that we shall have too just a sense of our own interest to originate any cause, that may involve us in it [the European war]."

(Washington to Humphreys, March 23, 1793; _Writings_: Ford, xii, 276.)

[255] Marshall, ii, 259; and see Rules of Neutrality, _ib._, note 13, p.

15. Washington's proclamation was drawn by Attorney-General Randolph.

(Conway, 202.)

[256] Marshall, ii, 259-60. "The publications in Freneau's and Bache's papers are outrages on common decency." (Washington to Lee, July 21, 1793; _Writings_: Ford, xii, 310.)

[257] Marshall, ii, 256.

[258] Graydon, 382.

[259] Marshall, ii, 260. "A Freeman" in the _General Advertiser_ of Philadelphia stated the most moderate opinion of those who opposed Neutrality. "France," said he, "is not only warring against the despotism of monarchy but the despotism of aristocracy and it would appear rather uncommon to see men [Washington and those who agreed with him] welcoming the Amba.s.sador of republicanism who are warring [against]

their darling aristocracy. But ... shall the officers of our government prescribe rules of conduct to freemen? Fellow citizens, view this conduct [Neutrality] well and you will discover principles lurking at bottom at variance with your liberty. Who is the superior of the people?

Are we already so degenerate as to acknowledge a superior in the United States?" (_General Advertiser_, April 25, 1793.)

[260] "Our commercial and maritime people feel themselves deeply interested to prevent every act that may put our peace at hazard."

(Cabot to King, Aug. 2, 1793; Lodge: _Cabot_, 74.)

The merchants and traders of Baltimore, "as partic.i.p.ants in the general prosperity resulting from peace, and the excellent laws and const.i.tution of the United States ... beg leave to express the high sense they entertain of the provident wisdom and watchfulness over the concerns and peace of a happy people which you have displayed in your late proclamation declaring neutrality ... well convinced that the true interests of America consist in a conduct, impartial, friendly, and unoffending to all the belligerent powers." (Address of the Merchants and Traders of Baltimore to George Washington, President of the United States; _General Advertiser_, Philadelphia, June 5, 1793.)

[261] Jefferson to Madison, May 19, 1793; _Works_: Ford, vii, 336.

[262] Jefferson to Monroe, May 5, 1793; _ib._, 309.

[263] Marshall, ii, 273.

[264] Pacificus No. 1; _Works_: Lodge, iv, 432-44.

[265] Marshall, ii, 327.

[266] Marshall, ii, 322.